lished Black Reconstruction, a voluminous histori-
cal reexamination of the role of African Americans
in the restoration of the South with a decidedly
Marxist analysis. In 1940 he published Dusk Dawn:
An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Con-
cept, what might be considered the third in a series
of four autobiographical books about his life. In
Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace (1945)
and The World and Africa: An Inquiry (1947), on
the part that Africa has played in world history,
DuBois presented a more global view of discrimi-
nation and injustice and critically examined the
continuing problem of race in a postwar world.
DuBois also experimented with fiction, writing a
trilogy of novels titled The Black Flame (The Or-
deal of Mansart [1957], Mansart Builds a School
[1959], and Worlds of Color [1961]). In his final
years, DuBois began work, for a second time, on
the Encyclopedia Africana and completed a final
autobiography titled The Autobiography of W. E. B.
DuBois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the
Last Decade of Its First Century.
In 1961, at age 93, DuBois left the United States
and accepted an invitation from President Kwame
Nkrumah to take up residence in Accra, Ghana,
an independent African republic. In 1963 DuBois
formalized his status as a citizen of Ghana, and on
August 27, the eve of the March on Washington
and MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.’s “I have a Dream”
speech, DuBois died in Ghana at age 95. DuBois
was married twice, first to Nina Gomer, from 1896
until her death in 1950, and then to Shirley Gra-
ham, a teacher, playwright, and civil rights activist,
from 1951 until his death in 1963. DuBois fathered
two children, Burghardt Gomer DuBois (1897–
1899) and Nina Yolande DuBois (1900–1961), and
adopted David Graham, the son of Shirley Gra-
ham DuBois.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aptheker, Herbert. The Literary Legacy of W. E. B. Du-
Bois. New York: Kraus International Publications,
1989.
DuBois, W. E. B. The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du-
Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last
Decade of Its First Century. New York: Interna-
tional Publishers, 1968.
———. The Souls of Black Folk: One Hundred Years
Later. Edited by Dolan Hubbard. Columbia: Uni-
versity of Missouri Press, 2003.
Early, Gerald, ed. Lure and Loathing: Essays on Race,
Identity, and the Ambivalence of Assimilation. New
York: Penguin Press, 1993.
James, Joy. Transcending the Talented Tenth: Black
Leaders and American Intellectuals. New York:
Routledge, 1997.
Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. DuBois: Biography
of a Race, 1868–1919. New York: Henry Holt and
Company, 1993.
———. W. E. B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and
the American Century, 1919–1963. New York:
Henry Holt and Company, 2000.
Marable, Manning. W. E. B. DuBois: Black Radical
Democrat. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Art and Imagination of W.
E. B. DuBois. New York: Schocken Books, 1976,
1990.
Reed, Adolph L., Jr. W. E. B. DuBois and American Po-
litical Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Zamir, Shamoon. Dark Voices: W. E. B. DuBois and
American Thought, 1888–1903. Chicago: Univer-
sity of Chicago Press, 1995.
Marcus BruceDue, Tananarive (1966– )
(pronounced tah-nah-nah-REEVE doo) Novelist
Tananarive Due blends spine-tingling storytell-
ing and evocative prose in her works, which have
been classified as horror writing and genre science
fiction or speculative fiction. Born in 1966 in Tal-
lahassee, Florida, Due is one of three daughters of
John Due and Patricia Stephens Due, who met as
students at Florida A&M University (FAMU) and
married in 1963.
Due studied journalism and literature at North-
western University and later earned her master’s
in English literature from the University of Leeds,
England, where she specialized in Nigerian lit-
erature as a Rotary Foundation Scholar. She has
taught at the Clarion Science Fiction and Fantasy
Writers’ Workshop at Michigan State University,Due, Tananarive 151