other Harlem Renaissance writers such as COUN-
TEECULLENand WILLIAMSTANLEYBRAITHWAITE
who stressed the importance of recognizing the pro-
ductions rather than the race of African-American
writers.
Arlen, Harold (1905–1986)
A white songwriter who was employed by the
COTTONCLUBand cowrote such notable hits as
“Stormy Weather” for Ethel Waters in 1933. He
also cowrote the lyrics and music used in St. Louis
Woman,the musical comedy on which COUNTEE
CULLENand ARNABONTEMPScollaborated.
Bibliography
Haskins, James. The Cotton Club.New York: Random
House, 1977.
Associated Negro Press
Founded in 1919 by CLAUDEALBERTBARNETT,an
Illinois native, TUSKEGEEINSTITUTEgraduate, and
expert on African art. Barnett’s organization, based
on the Associated Press news service, provided ar-
ticles and information relating to African Ameri-
cans to 500-plus black newspapers and magazines
during the 1920s. During the post-World War II
era, the Associated Negro Press provided informa-
tion to African publications as well. The service
closed soon after Barnett’s death in 1967.
Bibliography
Vincent, Theodore. Voices of a Black Nation: Political
Journalism in the Harlem Renaissance.Trenton, N.J.:
Africa World Press, 1973.
Association for the Study of Negro Life
and History
Organized by CARTERG. WOODSONand four col-
leagues in CHICAGOin 1915. The association was
dedicated to promoting the study of African and
African-American history and culture, supporting re-
search, publishing works relating to these fields, and
fostering harmonious relations between whites and
people of color. One of its most impressive and im-
portant contributions was the formation of the JOUR-
NAL OFNEGROHISTORY,a journal that appeared
first in 1916 and is still published today. In 1937 the
organization, bolstered by private donations and
funds from supporters of black ventures like Julius
Rosenwald, the sponsor of the ROSENWALDFEL-
LOWSHIP, began publishing the Negro History Bulletin.Bibliography
Conyers, James, ed. Carter G. Woodson: A Historical
Reader.New York: Garland, 2000.
Goggin, Jacqueline. Carter G. Woodson: A Life in Black
History.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University
Press, 1993.
Woodson, Carter G. Ten Years of Collecting and Publishing
the Records of the Negro.Washington, D.C.: Associa-
tion for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1925.Atlanta
The capital city of Georgia that is home to several
African-American colleges and universities, in-
cluding Spelman College, MOREHOUSECOLLEGE,
and Clark-Atlanta University, founded in 1988
when the historic ATLANTAUNIVERSITYmerged
with Clark College.
Prominent Harlem Renaissance figures had for-
mative years in and enjoyed strong ties with the city.
W. E. B. DUBOIS,WILLIAMSTANLEYBRAITHWAITE,
JAMESWELDONJOHNSON, and GEORGIADOUGLAS
JOHNSONall had ties to Atlanta University. The
African-American journal, Voice of the Negro,edited
by JESSEMAXBARBER, was founded there in 1904.
This was also the city in which BOOKERT. WASH-
INGTONdelivered his 1895 “Atlanta Exposition Ad-
dress,” the speech in which he reaffirmed his
blueprint for racial accommodationism.
W. E. B. DUBOISand his first wife, Nina, suf-
fered a tragic loss due to the city’s segregated prac-
tices and unequal facilities for African Americans.
The couple was unable to secure medical treat-
ment for their sick son, Burghardt, because of the
paucity of African-American physicians and the
entrenched segregation of white Atlanta hospitals.
As a result, their first child and only son suc-
cumbed to diphtheria.Bibliography
Kuhn, Clifford, Harlon Joye, and E. Bernard West. Living
Atlanta: An Oral History of the City, 1914–1948.
Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990.14 Arlen, Harold