University. With her husband George Love, she
lived in Jakarta, Indonesia, for a year. While he
worked as a technical adviser, she taught second
grade at the International School in the capital.
Her first book, NEBRASKA ANDHISGRANNY,
appeared in 1936. Published by the TUSKEGEEIN-
STITUTEPress, the work included illustrations by
Preston Haygood. The volume, which followed the
antics of a little boy named Nebraska and depicted
his strong relationship with his grandmother, was
part of a substantial canon of literature by and for
children of color. Love’s efforts contributed to the
better-documented efforts of writers such as EFFIE
LEENEWSOMEand JESSIEFAUSET, who edited THE
BROWNIES’BOOKduring her tenure with THECRI-
SIS,the official journal of the NATIONALASSOCIA-
TION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED
PEOPLE.
Love’s memoir, Plum Thickets and Field Daisies,
was published in 1997 by the Public Library of
Charlotte and Mecklenburg County. The manu-
script was donated by Love’s friend Elizabeth S.
Randolph and was praised for its detailed accounts
of life in early 20th-century North Carolina.
Bibliography
Love, Rose Leary. A Collection of Folklore for Children in
Elementary School and at Home.New York: Vantage
Press, 1964.
———. Nebraska and His Granny. 1936, reprint,
Tuskegee, Ala.: Tuskegee Institute Press, 1966.
Rose Leary Love Papers, Public Library of Charlotte and
Mecklenburg County.
Lovinggood, Penman (1895–unknown)
A tenor, teacher, composer, and writer who, in
1921, published the first modern history of
African-American music. A native of Austin,
Texas, Lovinggood was the son of Reuben Loving-
good, first president of Samuel Houston College,
an institution organized first as the Samuel Hous-
ton College and then the West Texas Conference
School. The school, for African Americans, was
the second college that the Freedman’s Aid Soci-
ety established in Texas. With donations from
Samuel Houston and a gift of some 500 books from
H. S. White, a Michigan Methodist, the school
was eventually opened. Reuben Lovinggood was
president from 1903 through 1917. His son Pen-
man studied here before traveling north to New
York. The institution merged with Tillotson Col-
lege in 1952, and the historically black college is
known now as Houston-Tillotson College.
Lovinggood established himself in NEWYORK
CITYand worked as a teacher, soloist, and music
reporter. Before his 1925 debut at Town Hall in
New York City, Lovinggood also studied with J.
Rosamond Johnson, brother of JAMESWELDON
JOHNSON. His later collaborations included mem-
bership in one of Johnson’s quartets and the W. C.
HANDYorchestra.
In 1936 the American Negro Opera Associa-
tion produced Menelek, Lovinggood’s opera. He
was one of several accomplished musicians to win
a Wanamaker Prize, an award established by Rod-
man Wanamaker, a department store magnate and
philanthropist.Bibliography
Lovinggood, Penman. Famous Modern Negro Musicians.
Brooklyn: Press Forum Company, 1921; reprint,
New York: Da Capo Press, 1978.Lulu BelleCharles MacArthur and
Edward Sheldon(1926)
A play by Charles MacArthur and Edward Shel-
don that revolved around the romantic machina-
tions of Lulu Belle, a prostitute in HARLEM.
The play opened at the Belasco Theatre on
BROADWAYin February 1926. The interracial cast
that performed in nearly 500 performances in-
cluded Evelyn Preer, veteran of WILLISRICHARD-
SONplays; John Harrington; Edna Thomas, who in
1949 appeared in the Broadway debut of Ten-
nessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire;and
Elizabeth Williams, who appeared in HARLEM,the
1929 play by WALLACETHURMANand WILLIAM
JOURDANRAPP.lynching
The term used to describe lawless, violent, and
often public murders of individuals. A form of vi-
cious mob violence, lynching often targeted men
and women of color, as well as whites and individu-
als whose ethnic or religious identities also provokedlynching 325