entitled The Truth About Lynching: Its Causes and
Effects. In the years immediately following the
Harlem Renaissance, Owen also published works
directly related to World War II, including the
pamphlet What Will Happen to the Negro If Hitler
Wins(1941) and Negroes and the War(1942).
When The Messengerceased publication in
1928, Owen relocated to CHICAGO. There, he
joined the staff of the Chicago Beeas managing edi-
tor. He eventually founded a public-relations com-
pany and was a speechwriter for well-known
politicians including Dwight Eisenhower and Lyn-
don Baines Johnson. Chandler Owen died in
November 1967.
Bibliography
Owen, Chandler. Negroes and the War.Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1942.
Randolph, A. Philip, and Chandler Owen. Terms of Peace
and The Darker Races.New York: Poole Press Asso-
ciation, 1917.
——— and Chandler Owen. The Truth About Lynching:
Its Causes and Effects.New York: Cosmo-Advocate
Publishing Company, 1917.
Oxford University
One of the most prestigious universities in the world
and the oldest university in the English-speaking
world. Located in Oxford, England, the university
was teaching students in the early 11th century.
The university itself comprises 39 colleges, the
first of which, University College, was established
in the 13th century. In 1884 women were admitted
to classes, but, were prevented from earning de-
grees until 1920.
Winners of the RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS,
awards established by Cecil Rhodes for students
from the British colonies, America, and Germany,
pursue post-baccalaureate study at colleges of Ox-
ford University. In 1907 ALAINLOCKE,a PHIBETA
KAPPAand magna cum laude graduate of HAR-
VARDUNIVERSITY, became the first man of African
descent to win a Rhodes scholarship. Unfortu-
nately, his race prompted several Oxford colleges
to deny him entry. Refusing to accept the racist re-
jections, Locke, who would later become the first
African-American to earn a Ph.D. in philosophy
from Harvard, pursued his right to study and even-
tually gained admission to Hertford College, the
Oxford institution founded in 1874. Locke studied
Greek, Latin, literature, and philosophy and gradu-
ated in 1910 with a B. Litt.Bibliography
Linneman, Russell, ed. Alain Locke: Reflections on a Mod-
ern Renaissance Man.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
University Press, 1982.
Morris, Jan, ed. The Oxford Book of Oxford.New York:
Oxford University Press, 2002.
Tames, Richard. A Traveller’s History of Oxford.New
York: Interlink Publishing Group, 2002.Oxford University 409