886 Chapter 30
Communist Party leaders realized
that they faced defeat. In a daring
move, 100,000 Communist forces
fled. They began a hazardous,
6,000-mile-long journey called
the Long March. Between 1934
and 1935, the Communists kept
only a step ahead of Jiang’s forces.
Thousands died from hunger,
cold, exposure, and battle wounds.
Finally, after a little more than a
year, Mao and the seven or eight
thousand Communist survivors
settled in caves in northwestern
China. There they gained new fol-
lowers. Meanwhile, as civil war
between Nationalists and Communists raged, Japan invaded China.
Civil War Suspended In 1931, as Chinese fought Chinese, the Japanese watched
the power struggles with rising interest. Japanese forces took advantage of China’s
weakening situation. They invaded Manchuria, an industrialized province in the
northeast part of China.
In 1937, the Japanese launched an all-out invasion of China. Massive bombings
of villages and cities killed thousands of Chinese. The destruction of farms caused
many more to die of starvation. By 1938, Japan held control of a large part of China.
The Japanese threat forced an uneasy truce between Jiang’s and Mao’s forces. The
civil war gradually ground to a halt as Nationalists and Communists temporarily
united to fight the Japanese. The National Assembly further agreed to promote
changes outlined in Sun Yixian’s “Three Principles of the People”—nationalism,
democracy, and people’s livelihood. As you will learn in Section 4, similar principles
were also serving as a guiding force in India and Southwest Asia.
TERMS & NAMES1.For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
- Kuomintang • Sun Yixian • May Fourth Movement • Mao Zedong • Jiang Jieshi • Long March
USING YOUR NOTES
2.Whose reforms had a greater
appeal to the peasants? Why?
MAIN IDEAS
3.How did the Treaty of Versailles
trigger the May Fourth
Movement?
4.How was Mao’s vision of
communism different from that
of Lenin?
5.What started the civil war in
China?
SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT
REPORTING ON CURRENT EVENTS
Research the selection of the newest Communist Party leader of China. Write a brief
reportidentifying that person and explaining how this new leader got into office.
CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING
- RECOGNIZING EFFECTSWhat influence did foreign
nations have on China from 1912 to 1938? - ANALYZING CAUSESWhat caused the Communist
revolutionary movement in China to gain strength? - HYPOTHESIZINGIf the Long March had failed, do you
think the Nationalist party would have been successful in
uniting the Chinese? Why or why not? - WRITING ACTIVITY Write a series of
interview questionsyou would pose to Sun Yixian, Mao
Zedong, and Jiang Jieshi.
REVOLUTION
CONNECT TO TODAY
Recognizing
Effects
What were the
results of the Long
March?
▲A Japanese
landing party
approaches the
Chinese mainland.
The invasion forced
Mao and Jiang to
join forces to fight
the Japanese.
Jiang Mao
1.
2.
3.