purchase of 307, 382
reclamation of 118
surveys of 178
tenure 164
landholders 50, 73, 75, 77, 89, 100, 164, 168,
211, 214–15, 326, 372, 398, 403,
428, 430;see alsoelite, the, landed
andlandlords
the church/monasteries as 108–9, 112, 169,
200 – 1, 211, 251, 281, 327, 329,
410, 412, 414
large 214
small 112,226,304,356,359;seeodnodvortsy
landlords 53, 69, 91, 109, 151, 168, 208, 213,
222 – 4, 227–31, 236, 300, 321,
328, 340, 344, 356–7, 361–6, 368,
371, 446, 449, 459
private 107, 163, 208
landscape
forests 3, 21, 23–4, 32, 42, 51, 57–8, 60,
66, 75, 88, 179, 222, 225–6, 362,
364, 457
exploitation of 23–4, 39, 47, 56, 85,
222, 433
soil 23–5, 33, 225, 356, 365, 383;see also
black earth steppe
urban 238;see alsourban areas, design/layout of
language 2, 59, 137, 176, 276, 372, 424,
437 – 8, 459, 461
diversity of vii, 4, 55, 63
learning of 77, 302, 434
theory of Russian 376
translation of Russian 118, 179, 400
use of 175, 435, 438
vernacular 73, 118, 423, 438, 450
languages 65, 74, 79, 88, 398, 431
Arabic 58, 434
Belarus’an 11, 14, 73, 146, 169, 225, 358,
361, 423
Chinese 434
Dutch 271
English 391
Finno-Ugric 42, 56, 60, 63–4, 403
French 431, 436
German 11, 73, 78, 118, 120, 311, 313, 403,
431, 436
Greek 77, 250, 434
Indo-European 42
Latgalian 120
Latin 77–8, 269, 415, 421, 423, 450
Latvian 116, 119
Manchu 63– 4
Mongol 63
Old Church Slavonic 74, 77, 244, 259, 414,
421, 423, 437
Paleo-Asiatic 64
Polish 11, 78, 310, 313, 423
Russian 6, 45, 59, 118, 122, 145, 225, 269,
271, 330, 358, 400, 431
Samoyedic 51, 64
Siberian native 11
Slavic 42–3, 45
Swedish 118, 120, 311
Tatar 11, 57, 400
Tungusic 63– 4
Turkic 44–5, 56–8, 60, 63–4, 69,
71, 114
Ukrainian 6, 11, 14, 59, 67–8, 73,
78, 105, 107, 111, 116, 169, 225,
313, 330–1, 423
Laplanders 23, 50
latitude 21
Latvia 52, 116– 20
Latvians 118, 121, 359
law 73, 108, 139, 161, 167, 170–2, 174 , 233,
238 – 9, 279, 292, 299, 308–11,
313, 347–9, 352, 364–5, 367, 372,
387, 393, 431, 433, 435, 443, 446,
459, 461;see alsolegal structures
andpunishmentandtrials
apparatus of the 99, 111, 118, 139, 168–70,
173, 232–3, 302–3, 308, 318,
348 – 9, 381, 459
books on the 93, 139
canon 256
courts of 4, 93, 96, 99, 106, 109, 111, 115,
118, 120, 122, 158, 168–9, 207,
232 – 4, 239, 261, 309–10, 313,
349, 379, 387, 396, 403
civil 92, 348
commercial 378, 384
criminal 92, 233–4, 305, 384
Equity 309, 311, 313
Land 121, 308, 311
Upper 308
Military 348
religious 387, 397
criminal 6, 56, 122, 168, 172–3, 177, 183,
186, 233–4, 236, 248, 303, 308,
351, 353, 364, 366, 396
civil 303, 308
practice of the 86, 174, 348
types of
customary 68, 96, 107, 169, 349
German 117, 169, 238, 349, 403
Imperial 311
Lithuanian 111, 349
local 120
Magdeburg 79, 107, 109, 118, 121, 238,
378, 384–5;see alsotowns and
cities, Magdeburg Law towns
martial 301
Polish 109, 122, 349
Roman 169– 70
Russian 99, 103, 106, 108, 112, 122, 184,
309, 349
Sharia 56, 92, 130, 233, 400, 408
Swedish 349Index 477