Petrozavodsk 407
Petrov, Vasilii 282, 377, 437
Physiocracy 316, 326, 379
Pilsen 31
Pintner, Walter 298–300, 317
Pisar’kova, L. F. 302, 304, 311
Plakans, Andrejs 118– 19
Plokhy, Serhii 113
Plussa, Treaty of 52
PodilseeKyiv, Podil neighbourhood
Podolia 14, 17, 405
Podolsk 122
Pogodin, M. P. 461
Poland 1, 13–14, 17, 28, 31, 34, 37, 44, 46, 48,
52, 59, 73–9, 84, 105, 107, 109,
117, 123, 137, 162, 197, 238, 255,
258, 310, 341, 370–1, 393, 422–5,
434, 439, 444, 450, 457
alliances against 13
army of 60, 203
culture of 122, 131, 310
elites of 74–5, 77, 91, 125
occupation of the Kremlin 10
parliament of 16–17, 73–4, 77, 123, 150,
423;see also“SilentSejm 16
partitions of 31, 84, 104, 120–2, 124, 238,
299, 307, 358, 364, 378, 424– 5
1772 17, 84, 106, 310, 331, 364, 405,
423, 452
1793 17, 84, 364, 406, 424
1795 17, 84, 364, 406
Russia in conflict with 12, 14, 16–17, 57, 81,
100, 116, 316, 346, 423
Polenov, Aleksei 445
Poles vii, 17, 42, 59, 64, 71, 73–4, 77, 91,
106, 113, 115–16, 120–1, 123–5,
220, 255, 288, 310, 336, 346, 385,
391, 404, 421–3, 430, 435, 440,
452, 454
police/policing 238, 308, 310, 312, 348, 380–2,
386 – 7, 390, 460
Polizeistaat 269 – 71, 277, 301, 303, 310, 348,
411, 451;see alsolaw and order
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth viii, 5, 13,
15, 18, 34, 46, 48, 50, 57, 66,
73 – 7, 79, 106, 121–4, 126, 146,
179, 181, 191, 198, 297, 311, 338,
370, 378, 384, 404–6, 421–4, 457;
see alsoLithuania, Grand Duchy of
Russia in conflict with 12–17, 52, 67, 103,
110, 116, 150, 339, 424, 457
political consciousness 59, 75;see also
symbolism, political
political crises/instability 36, 147, 149,
210, 274
political organization 62, 84, 460
political systems 73, 75, 103, 221
political thought 11, 131, 135, 207, 267, 269,
277 – 8, 414
politics 4, 17, 35, 77, 82, 90, 129, 137, 141,
146, 149, 153–5, 157–8, 169, 188,
192, 203, 220, 225–6, 244, 255,
257, 262–4, 269, 271, 276, 281,
295, 350, 384, 403, 421, 424, 428,
439, 443, 447, 457– 60
affinitive 211
court 5, 137, 149
culture of 279
discourse of 293–4, 444–7, 449– 50
municipal 78, 238–40, 378, 381, 406
pluralism in 79, 451, 461
practice of 278
reform of 205
unity in 1
“politics of difference”4, 34, 55, 103, 160,
279, 459
Polotsk 28, 43, 45, 52, 91, 121, 143, 358, 424
Sofiia Cathedral 143
Polotskii, Semeon 253, 262, 267, 269
Poltava 324, 336, 431
Poltava, battle of 15, 86, 107, 327, 337, 452
Pomeranz, Kenneth 34
pomest’e10, 50, 56, 67, 162, 173, 208, 210,
213 – 15, 223, 226, 360, 364, 366,
428, 430, 458
Pomor’e 60, 64, 88, 202, 231
Pomorians (Old Believers) 406, 417, 419
Pope, the 44, 244, 397, 404, 420, 423;see also
Catholicism
Poppel, Nicholas 12
population
checks on 30
composition of the 68, 91, 123, 204, 222,
224, 231, 239, 244, 323, 358, 362,
401, 404
control of the 4, 91, 165, 167
density of 9, 26, 35, 39, 160
distribution of 177
exploitation of the 81
growth of the 6, 29–33, 35, 39, 63, 86, 188,
201, 239, 270, 298, 318, 355–9,
361, 364, 369, 378, 386
loss of 26–8, 63, 116–17, 346–7, 357, 387
size of 65, 113, 116, 166, 235–6, 317
surveys of the 178
Port Arthur 457
ports 5, 18, 35–6, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 84, 109,
163, 189–91, 321–4, 333, 340, 342,
369, 457;see alsoBaltic Sea, portsand
Black Sea, portsandCaspian sea,
portsandWhite Sea, ports
Portugal 26, 33, 36
posadskie liudi seetownsmen
Posol’skoe (Buriatiia)
Church of the Transfiguration 402
Possevino, Antonio 13
Potemkin, Grigorii 95, 100, 105, 116, 276,
290, 292, 344, 452Index 485