VARIETIES OF PROGRESSIVISM ★^705
establishing wages and working conditions but also in making such managerial
decisions as the relocation of factories, layoffs, and the distribution of profits.
The Socialist Presence
Economic freedom was also a rallying cry of American socialism, which reached
its greatest influence during the Progressive era. Founded in 1901, the Socialist
Party brought together surviving late- nineteenth- century radicals such as Pop-
ulists and followers of Edward Bellamy, with a portion of the labor movement.
The party called for immediate reforms such as free college education, legisla-
tion to improve the condition of laborers, and, as an ultimate goal, democratic
control over the economy through public ownership of railroads and factories.
It was the task of socialism, said western labor leader John O’Neill, to “gather
together the shards of liberty”—the fragments of the American heritage of
freedom— scattered by a government controlled by capitalist millionaires.
By 1912, the Socialist Party claimed 150,000 dues- paying members, pub-
lished hundreds of newspapers, enjoyed substantial support in the American
How did the labor and women’s movements challenge the nineteenth- century
meanings of American freedom?
EdmondsBurlington
Tukwila
Camas
Coquille
Eureka
Daly CityBerkeley
Watts
Cedar City
Grand Junction
StocktonMurraEurekay
Mammoth
HillyardCoeur d'AleneBeatrice
Butte Minden
Missoula(2 Commissioners) Des Lacs
(CommissionerMinot )
Rugby
SissetonDawson
Red Cloud Wymore
Hillsboro
NederlandLongmontLafayette
Buena Vista Edgewater
Victor
Antlers
FrontenacGirard
CurranvilleArma
Mindenmines
Liberal
Winnfield
HartfordChant
Winslow Cardwell
Gibson
Birmingham(Commissioner)
Gulfport
Lake Worth
Brookneal
Barre
Haledon Naugatuck
Rockaway
GustinBuffaloSchenectady
Tr averse CityHarbor Springs
ManitowocS. Frankfort
MilwaukeeWest AllisSheboygan
Davis
WilsonW Salem
Eagle BendMinneapolis
LaportePillagerBrainerd
Tenstrike
Cloquet
Crookston St. Hilaire Duluth(Commissioner)
MadridDavenportPhelpsSilvisTorino
RivertonCantonLincoln
GrafThaytonerJerseyville
Granite CityMascoutahO'Fallon
BufBucknerfalo Dorrisville
HymeraClinton
WA
OR
ID
MT
WY
NV
CA
UT
AZ NM
CO
OK
TX LA
AR
NE
KS
SD
ND
MN
WI
IA
MO IL
IN
MI
MS
AL GA
FL
SC
TN NC
KY
WVVA
OH
PA
NY
VTNH
MA
ME
RI
CT
MD DENJ
CANADA
Lackawanna
Miami
AdamstonHendricks
Star City
Garrett
BroadTop Twp.
Elwood
Gas City
Kalamazoo
Greenville Flint
LorainCleveland
ConneautAshtabula Union City Roulette
WheatlandNew Castle
Hazeldell
TorontoPitcairn
ByesvilleMartins Ferry
Mineral Ridge
MassillonSalem
OsnaburgAmsterdam
Canal Dover
Barnhill
Mineral City
McK(Contreesportoller)
CoshoctonSugar Grove
Mt. VLindenernon
Heights
Hamilton
Piqua
Lima
FostoriaShelby
JeneraSt. Mary's
(CWilliamsportommissioner)
WV VA
KY
IN OH
MI
PA
NY
0
0
250
250
500 miles
500 kilometers Socialist mayor
Major municipal ofother than mayorficer
SOCIALIST TOWNS AND CITIES, 1900–1920
Although the Socialist Party never won more than 6 percent of the vote nationally, it gained control
of numerous small and medium-sized cities between 1900 and 1920.