An American History

878 ★ CHAPTER 22 Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II

Pearl Harbor than ridding the world of

fascism. They utilized radio, film, the

press, and other media to give the con-

flict an ideological meaning, while

seeking to avoid the nationalist hyste-

ria of World War I.

Wartime mobilization drew on

deep-seated American traditions. The

portrait of the United States holding

aloft the torch of liberty in a world

overrun by oppression reached back at

least as far as the American Revolution.

The description of a world half slave

and half free recalled the Great Emanci-

pator. But critics charged that the OWI

seemed most interested in promoting

the definition of freedom Roosevelt had

emphasized during the 1930s. One of

its first pamphlets listed as elements of

freedom the right to a job at fair pay and

to adequate food, clothing, shelter, and

medical care. Concerned that the OWI

was devoting as much time to promot-

ing New Deal social programs as to the

war effort, Congress eliminated most of

its funding.

The Fifth Freedom

After Congress curtailed the OWI, the “selling of America” became overwhelm-

ingly a private affair. Under the watchful eye of the War Advertising Council,

private companies joined in the campaign to promote wartime patriotism,

while positioning themselves and their brand names for the postwar world.

Alongside advertisements urging Americans to purchase war bonds, guard

against revealing military secrets, and grow “victory gardens” to allow food to be

sent to the army, the war witnessed a burst of messages marketing advertisers’

definition of freedom. Without directly criticizing Roosevelt, they repeatedly sug-

gested that he had overlooked a fifth freedom. The National Association of Man-

ufacturers and individual companies bombarded Americans with press releases,

radio programs, and advertisements attributing the amazing feats of wartime pro-

duction to “free enterprise.”

Each side in World War II invoked history to rally
support for its cause. The poster issued by the
Office of War Information in the United States
links the words of Abraham Lincoln to the strug-
gle against Nazi tyranny.