An American History

AN AMERICAN EMPIRE? ★ 1115

that Hussein possessed a mobile chemical weapons laboratory, had hidden

weapons of mass destruction in his many palaces, and was seeking to acquire

uranium in Africa to build nuclear weapons. (Every one of these assertions

later turned out to be false.)

The Iraq War

Foreign policy “realists,” including members of previous Republican adminis-

trations like Brent Scowcroft, the national security adviser under the first Presi-

dent Bush, warned that the administration’s preoccupation with Iraq deflected

Khartoum

Asmara

Addis Ababa

Djibouti

Masqat

Doha Abu Dhabi

Manama

Kuwait

Baghdad

Basra

Palmyra

Al-Raqqah Mosul

Damascus

Tel Aviv Amman

NicosiaBeirut

Ankara

Sofia

Tehran Kabul Islamabad

Athens

Bucharest

Kiev

Ashgabat

Dushanbe

Tashkent

Yerevan Baku

Tbilisi

Sanaa

Cairo

Bishkek

Riyadh

Kandahar

Istanbul

Karachi

Chisinau ̧ ̆

-Iraq -Gulf WaWar,r, 2003–^1990

-Civil war, 2011– -War against Taliban

and Terrorists, 2001–

-Osama bin Ladenkilled, 2011

oc-Americcupied, 1979–198an embassy 1

-R-Cecamp David Aognition, 1948ccords, 1978

-Wwith the Pye Memorandum, calestinians, 1998oncerning peace

-Suez crisis, 1956-Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy, 1974–1975

-Camp David accords, 1978

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TURKMENISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

IRAN

RUSSIA

TURKEY

IRAQ

SAUDI ARABIA

PAKISTAN INDIA

TAJIKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

CHINA

UKRAINE

MOLDOVA

ROMANIA

BULGARIA

GREECE GEORARMENIAGIA

AZERBAIJAN

SYRIA

JORDAN

ISRAEL

LEBANON

CYPRUS

EGYPT

SUDAN

ERITREA

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIA

YEMEN

OMAN

UNITED

ARAB

EMIRATES

QATAR

BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

Red Sea

Arabian

Sea

Ca

spia

n (^) S
ea
ArSeaal
Black Sea
MediterrSeaanean
0
0
250
250
500 miles
500 kilometers
Oil fAir basesields
Naval bases
Tbyerritory controlled ISIS
Jerusalem
Nablus
Ramallah
Bethlehem
Hebron
1950 Armistice line
1949 Armistice line
1967 Cease-Fire line
ISRAEL
West Bank
GazaStrip
Jorda
ivn R
er^
DeadSea
MediterraneanSea
TPerritory under full Palestinian Authority responsible for social analestinian control d
civil services onlyGaza Strip and West Bank territory under full
Israeli controlJewish settlements
Israeli military bases
U.S. PRESENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1967–2015
Since World War II, the United States has become more and more deeply involved in the
affairs of the Middle East, whose countries are together the world’s largest exporter of oil.
Note that the ISIS- controlled territory shown here is as of the end of 2015.
How did the war in Iraq unfold in the wake of 9/11?