GLOSSARY ★ A-55English liberty The idea that English
people were entitled to certain liberties,
including trial by jury, habeas corpus, and
the right to face one’s accuser in court.
These rights meant that even the English
king was subject to the rule of law.
English Toleration Act A 1690 act of
Parliament that allowed all English Prot-
estants to worship freely.
Enlightenment Revolution in thought
in the eighteenth century that empha-
sized reason and science over the author-
ity of traditional religion.
Equal Rights Amendment Amendment
to guarantee equal rights for women,
introduced in 1923 but not passed by Con-
gress until 1972; it failed to be ratified by
the states.
Era of Good Feelings Contemporary
characterization of the administration of
popular Republican president James Mon-
roe, 1817–1825.
Erie Canal Most important and prof-
itable of the canals of the 1820s and
1830s; stretched from Buffalo to Albany,
New York, connecting the Great Lakes to
the East Coast and making New York City
the nation’s largest port.
Espionage Act 1917 law that prohibited
spying and interfering with the draft as
well as making “false statements” that
hurt the war effort.
ethnic cleansing The systematic
removal of an ethnic group from a terri-
tory through violence or intimidation in
order to create a homogeneous society;
the term was popularized by the Yugoslav
policy brutally targeting Albanian Mus-
lims in Kosovo.
Ex parte Milligan 1866 Supreme Court
case that declared it unconstitutional to
bring accused persons before military tri-
bunals where civil courts were operating.
Exposition and Protest Document written
in 1828 by Vice President John C. Calhoun
of South Carolina to protest the so- calledimmigrants to America were processed
from 1892 to 1954.
Emancipation Proclamation Declara-
tion issued by President Abraham Lincoln;
the preliminary proclamation on Sep-
tember 22, 1862, freed the slaves in areas
under Confederate control as of January 1,
1863, the date of the final proclamation,
which also authorized the enrollment of
black soldiers into the Union army.
Embargo Act Attempt in 1807 to exert
economic pressure by prohibiting all
exports from the United States, instead
of waging war in reaction to continued
British impressment of American sail-
ors; smugglers easily circumvented the
embargo, and it was repealed two years
later.
Emergency Banking Act Passed in 1933,
the First New Deal measure that provided
for reopening the banks under strict con-
ditions and took the United States off the
gold standard.
empire of liberty The idea, expressed by
Jefferson, that the United States would
not rule its new territories as colonies, but
rather would eventually admit them as
full member states.
enclosure movement A legal process
that divided large farm fields in England
that were previously collectively owned
by groups of peasants into smaller, indi-
vidually owned plots. The enclosure
movement took place over several cen-
turies, and resulted in eviction for many
peasants.
Enforcement Acts Three laws passed in
1870 and 1871 that tried to eliminate the
Ku Klux Klan by outlawing it and other
such terrorist societies; the laws allowed
the president to deploy the army for that
purpose.
English Bill of Rights A series of laws
enacted in 1689 that inscribed the rights
of Englishmen into law and enumerated
parliamentary powers such as taxation.