A-56 ★ GLOSSARY
that appeared in Congress by the mid-
1790s. The Federalists, led by George
Washington, John Adams, and Alexander
Hamilton, favored a strong central gov-
ernment. The Republicans, first identi-
fied during the early nineteenth century,
supported a strict interpretation of the
Constitution, which they believed would
safeguard individual freedoms and states’
rights from the threats posed by a strong
central government.
The Feminine Mystique The book widely
credited with sparking second- wave femi-
nism in the United States. Author Betty Frie-
dan focused on college- educated women,
arguing that they would find fulfillment by
engaging in paid labor outside the home.
feminism Term that entered the lexicon
in the early twentieth century to describe
the movement for full equality for women,
in political, social, and personal life.
Fifteenth Amendment Constitutional
amendment ratified in 1870, which pro-
hibited states from discriminating in vot-
ing privileges on the basis of race.
flappers Young women of the 1920s
whose rebellion against prewar standards
of femininity included wearing shorter
dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz
music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes,
and indulging in illegal drinking and
gambling.
Force Act 1833 legislation, sparked by the
nullification crisis in South Carolina, that
authorized the president’s use of the army
to compel states to comply with federal
law.
Fordism Early twentieth- century term
describing the economic system pio-
neered by Ford Motor Company based on
high wages and mass consumption.
Fort McHenry Fort in Baltimore Harbor
unsuccessfully bombarded by the British
in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a
witness to the battle, was moved to write
the words to “The Star- Spangled Banner.”Tariff of Abominations, which seemed to
favor northern industry; introduced the
concept of state interposition and became
the basis for South Carolina’s Nullifica-
tion Doctrine of 1833.
Fair Deal Domestic reform proposals
of the Truman administration; included
civil rights legislation, national health
insurance, and repeal of the Taft- Hartley
Act, but only extensions of some New
Deal programs were enacted.
family values Set of beliefs usually asso-
ciated with conservatism that stressed the
superiority of nuclear family, heterosex-
ual marriage, and traditional gender roles.
family wage Idea that male workers
should earn a wage sufficient to enable
them to support their entire family with-
out their wives’ having to work outside
the home.
Federal Housing Administration
(FHA) A government agency created
during the New Deal to guarantee mort-
gages, allowing lenders to offer long-
term (usually thirty- year) loans with low
down payments (usually 10 percent of
the asking price). The FHA seldom under-
wrote loans in racially mixed or minority
neighborhoods.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Inde-
pendent agency created by the Wilson
administration that replaced the Bureau
of Corporations as an even more powerful
tool to combat unfair trade practices and
monopolies.
federalism A system of government in
which power is divided between the cen-
tral government and the states.
The Federalist Collection of eighty- five
essays that appeared in the New York
press in 1787–1788 in support of the Con-
stitution; written by Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison, and John Jay and pub-
lished under the pseudonym “Publius.”
Federalists and Republicans The two
increasingly coherent political parties