GLOSSARY ★ A-63erty by limiting the power of government
to interfere with the natural rights of cit-
izens; in the twentieth century, belief in
an activist government promoting greater
social and economic equality.
liberty of contract A judicial concept of
the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries whereby the courts overturned
laws regulating labor conditions as vio-
lations of the economic freedom of both
employers and employees.
Liberty Party Abolitionist political party
that nominated James G. Birney for pres-
ident in 1840 and 1844; merged with the
Free Soil Party in 1848.
Lincoln- Douglas debates Series of sena-
torial campaign debates in 1858 focusing
on the issue of slavery in the territories;
held in Illinois between Republican Abra-
ham Lincoln, who made a national
reputation for himself, and incumbent
Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas,
who managed to hold on to his seat.
the Little Bighorn, Battle of Most
famous battle of the Great Sioux War; took
place in 1876 in the Montana Territory;
combined Sioux and Cheyenne warriors
massacred a vastly outnumbered U.S. Cav-
alry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
George Armstrong Custer.
Long Telegram A telegram by Amer-
ican diplomat George Kennan in 1946
outlining his views of the Soviet Union
that eventually inspired the policy of
containment.
Lord Dunmore’s proclamation A proc-
lamation issued in 1775 by the earl of
Dunmore, the British governor of Vir-
ginia, that offered freedom to any slave
who fought for the king against the rebel-
ling colonists.
Lords of Trade An English regulatory
board established to oversee colonial
affairs in 1675.
the Lost Cause A romanticized view
of slavery, the Old South, and theLeague of Nations Organization of
nations to mediate disputes and avoid war
established after World War I as part of the
Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow
Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” speech to Con-
gress in 1918 proposed the formation of
the league, which the United States never
joined.
League of United Latin American Cit-
izens Often called LULAC, an organiza-
tion that challenged restrictive housing,
employment discrimination, and other
inequalities faced by Latino Americans.
Lend- Lease Act 1941 law that permitted
the United States to lend or lease arms
and other supplies to the Allies, signify-
ing increasing likelihood of American
involvement in World War II.
Letters from an American Farmer 1782
book by Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur
that popularized the notion that the
United States was a “melting pot” while
excluding people of color from the pro-
cess of assimilation.
Levittown Low- cost, mass- produced
developments of suburban tract housing
built by William Levitt after World War II
on Long Island and elsewhere.
Lewis and Clark expedition Led by
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, a
mission to the Pacific coast commissioned
for the purposes of scientific and geo-
graphical exploration.
Lexington and Concord, Battles of The
first shots fired in the Revolutionary War,
on April 19, 1775, near Boston; approxi-
mately 100 minutemen and 250 British
soldiers were killed.
liberal internationalism Woodrow Wil-
son’s foreign policy theory, which rested
on the idea that economic and political
freedom went hand in hand, and encour-
aged American intervention abroad in
order to secure these freedoms globally.
liberalism Originally, political philoso-
phy that emphasized the protection of lib-