204 l/-95
proper value to each person. Courage is knowledge of what is terrible
and what is not terrible and what is neither. Folly is ignorance of good
things, bad things and what is neither, or ignorance of what one is to do
and not to do and what is neither. Wantonness is ignorance of what is
worth choosing and worth avoiding and what is neither. <Injustice is
ignorance of the distribution of proper value to each person>. Cowardice
is ignorance of what is terrible and what is not terrible and what is
neither. They define the other virtues and vices similarly, following what
has been said.
5b2. Of virtues some are primary, some subordinate to the primary.
There are four primary virtues: prudence, temperance, courage, justice.
And prudence concerns appropriate acts; temperance concerns man's
impulses; courage concerns instances of standing firm; justice concerns
distributions. Of those subordinate to these, some are subordinate to
prudence, some to temperance, some to courage, some to justice. To
prudence are subordinate: deliberative excellence, good calculation,
quick-wittedness, good sense, , resourcefulness.
To temperance: organization, orderliness, modesty, self-control. To cour-
age: endurance, confidence, great-heartedness, stout-heartedness, love
of work. To justice: piety, good-heartedness, public-spiritedness, fair-
dealing. They say, then, that deliberative excellence is a knowledge of
the type and manner of actions which we must perform in order to act
advantageously; good calculation is knowledge which draws up a balance
and summarizes [the value of] what happens and is produced; quick-
wittedness is knowledge which instantly finds out what the appropriate
action is; good sense is knowledge <of what is better and worse; a good
sense of purpose is knowledge> which achieves its goal in each action;
resourcefulness is knowledge which discovers a way out of difficulties;
organization is knowledge of when one is to act and what [to do] after
what, and in general of the ordering of actions; orderliness is
of appropriate and inappropriate motions; modesty is knowledge which
is cautious about proper criticism; self-control is an unsurpassable knowl-
edge of what is revealed by right reason; endurance is knowledge which
stands by correct decisions; confidence is knowledge in virtue of which
we know that we shall meet with nothing which is terrible; great-hearted-
ness is knowledge which makes one superior to those things which natu-
rally occur among both virtuous and base men; stout-heartedness is
knowledge in a soul which makes it [the soul] invincible; love of work
is a knowledge which achieves its goal by labour, not being deterred by
hard work; piety is knowledge of service to the gods; good-heartedness
is knowledge which does good [to others]; public-spiritedness is knowl-