Figure 78 The Apoxyomenos by Lysippus: Roman copy in marble of bronze original (which
needed no struts or braces); height of copy 2.05 m, original ca. 330 BC. Vatican Museums, Museo
Pio Clementino, Inv. 1185.
Figure 79 Marble copy of an original statue, attributed to Doidalsas, depicting Aphrodite at her
bath; height of copy 98 cm, original ca. 250 BC. Paris, Musée du Louvre, MA 2240.
Figure 80 Hollow-cast original bronze statue from the Classical Period, recovered in the 1920s
from an ancient shipwreck, showing Zeus hurling a thunderbolt; height 2.09 m, ca. 460 BC.
Athens, National Archaeological Museum, 15161.
Figure 81 Marble copy of an original bronze statue of a Gallic warrior and his wife; height of
copy 2.11 m, original ca. 230–220 BC. Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo alle
Terme, 8608.Afterword
Figure 82 Royal ordinance on papyrus, dated February 23, 33 BC, granting tax privileges to a
Roman citizen and bearing the handwritten approval of Cleopatra VII at the bottom right: “So be
it.” Berlin, Aegyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Inv. P25239. Source: Photo:
Margarete Buesing. © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence / bpk, Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und
Geschichte, Berlin.
Figure 83 Life-size bronze head, perhaps of a philosopher, recovered in 1900 from the
Antikythera shipwreck; height 29 cm, first century BC. Athens, National Archaeological Museum.
Source: DEA / G. NIMATALLAH / De Agostini / Getty Images.
Figure 84 View of interior of the Stoa of Attalus II, in the agora of Athens, built ca. 150 BC and
reconstructed between 1953 and 1956 by the American School of Classical Studies in Athens.
Source: © Martin Garnham / Alamy Stock Photo.
Figure 85 Marble statue of Marcus Aurelius from Alexandria in Egypt; height 1.84 m, ca. AD
176–180. London, British Museum, 1906. Source: © The Trustees of the British Museum. All
rights reserved.
Figure 86 A Greek prayer book with its thirteenth-century text written at right angles over the
tenth-century text and diagrams of a work of Archimedes, as revealed by advanced imaging
techniques. Private Collection, on display at The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. Source:
Archimedes Palimpsest Image Bank. Image produced by the Rochester Institute of Technology,
Equipoise Imaging and Boeing LTS. http://www.cis.rit.edu/people/faculty/easton/Archie/093v-
092r/093v-092rsp-dime.jpg. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License 3.0 (CC BY-
3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (sites accessed March 29, 2016).
Figure 87 Fragmentary marble SARCOPHAGUS, showing Christ (center) transmitting the law to
Peter; 0.74 × 2.05 m, late fourth century AD. Rome, Museum of the Catacomb of St. Sebastian.
Source: Photo PCSA Archives.
Figure 88 Detail of marble sarcophagus, with an inscription indicating that it was used as the last
resting place for a Christian man, showing Orpheus playing the lyre; middle of the third century
AD. Ostia Antica, Museum, Inv. 1202. Source: The Art Archive / Manuel Cohen.
Figure 89 Detail of fresco in the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus in Rome, showing the
sun god Sol driving his chariot through the heaven; early fourth century AD. Source: Photo PCSA
Archives.