The Humanistic Tradition, Book 5 Romanticism, Realism, and the Nineteenth-Century World

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TJ123-8-2009 LK VWD0011 Tradition Humanistic 6th Edition W:220mm x H:292mm 175L 115 Stora Enso M/A Magenta (V)

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Moscow

(captured)

Borodino^1812

1812

Friedland 1807

Austerlitz

1805

Ratisbon

1809

Waterloo

1815

RUSSIA

UNITED KINGDOM OF

GREAT BRITAIN

AND IRELAND

CORSICA

SPAIN

FRANCE

HOLLAND

DENMARK

NORWAY SWEDEN

PRUSSIA

AUSTRIA

Elba AD

RIA

TIC

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Loire^
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Elbe
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Tagus
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Tilsit
St. Petersburg
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Berlin
Edinburgh
London Amsterdam
Leipzig
Vienna
Palermo
Rome Naples
Marseilles Florence
Ulm
Frankfurt
Brussels
Paris
Bordeaux
Barcelona
Madrid
Seville
Lisbon
KINGDOM OF
PORTUGAL
KINGDOM OF
SARDINIA
KINGDOM OF
ITALY
CONFEDERATION
OF THE
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GRAND DUCHY
OF WARSAW
OTTOMAN
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KINGDOM OF
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• Key
  French Empire 1812
  French dependencies
  Countries allied with Napoleon
  Napoleon’s Russian campaign
  Site of battle
  N
  W E
  S
  0 500 miles
  0 500 kilometers
  30 CHAPTER 28 The Romantic Hero
  30
  Austria, Prussia, Portugal, and Spain, he pressed on to
  Russia where, in 1812, bitter weather and lack of food
  forced his armies to retreat. Only 100,000 of his army of
  600,000 survived. In 1813, a coalition of European powers
  forced his defeat and exile to the island of Elba off the
  coast of Italy. A second and final defeat occurred after he
  escaped in 1814, raised a new army, and met the combined
  European forces led by the English Duke of Wellington at
  the Battle of Waterloo (1815). The fallen hero spent the
  last years of his life in exile on the barren island of Saint
  Helena off the west coast of Africa.
  Napoleon, the first of the modern European dictators,
  left a distinctly Neoclassical stamp upon the city of Paris
  (see chapter 26). However, he also became the nineteenth
  century’s first Romantic hero, glorified in numerous
  European poems and paintings, and especially in the
  majestic portraits of Jacques-Louis David, his favorite
  artist. David’s equestrian portrait of Napoleon (Figure
  28.2), which clearly draws on Roman imperial models,
  shows an idealized Napoleon—he actually crossed the
  Saint Bernard Pass on a mule—pursuing the destiny of
  such great military leaders as Hannibal and Charlemagne,
  whose names are carved on the foreground rocks. In this
  painting, one of five similar versions of the subject, David
  depicts Napoleon as a Romantic hero. Napoleon’s diary,
  a record of personal reflection, a favorite genre of the
  nineteenth-century Romantics, corroborates that image.
  Entries made by Napoleon between 1800 and 1817 reveal
  many features that typify the Romantic personality:
  self-conscious individualism, a sense of personal power,
  unbridled egotism, and a high regard for the life of the
  imagination.
  Map 28. 1 The Empire of Napoleon at its Greatest Extent, 1812. In the lands
  he controlled directly and indirectly, Napoleon tried to initiate revolutionary
  reforms and institutions, an effort that generally met with resistance.