326 PART FOuR • POliCymAking
iraqi Endgame. In January 2007,
President Bush announced a major
increase, or “surge,” in U.S. troop
strength. Skeptics doubted that the new
troop levels would have much effect on
the outcome. In April 2007, however,
Sunni tribal leaders rose up against al
Qaeda and called in U.S. troops to help
them. Al Qaeda, it seems, had badly
overplayed its hand by terrorizing the
Sunni population.
During subsequent months, the
Iraqi government gained substantial con-
trol over its own territory. Still, American
attitudes toward the war remained neg-
ative. In 2008, President Bush and Iraqi
prime minister Nouri al-Maliki negotiated
a deadline for withdrawing U.S. troops.
In fact, U.S. combat forces left Iraq in
August 2010. The rest of the American
troops were out by the end of 2011.Afghanistan
The Iraq War was not the only military
effort launched by the Bush administra-
tion as part of the war on terrorism. The
first military effort was directed against
al Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and
the Taliban regime, which had ruled
most of Afghanistan since 1996. In late
2001, after building a coalition of inter-
national allies and anti-Taliban rebels
within Afghanistan, the United States
began an air campaign against the Taliban regime. The anti-Taliban rebels, known as the
Northern Alliance, were able to take Kabul, the capital, and oust the Taliban from power.The Return of the Taliban. The Taliban were defeated, but not destroyed. U.S. forces
were unable to locate Osama bin Laden and other top al Qaeda leaders. The Taliban and
al Qaeda both retreated to the rugged mountains between Afghanistan and Pakistan,
where they were able to establish bases on the Pakistani side of the border. In 2003,
the Taliban began to launch attacks against Afghan soldiers, foreign aid workers, and
American troops. Through 2008 and 2009, the Taliban were able to take over a number
of Pakistani districts, even as the United States began attacking suspected Taliban and al
Qaeda targets in Pakistan using small unmanned aircraft.Obama and Afghanistan. In February 2009, President Obama dispatched seventeen
thousand additional soldiers to Afghanistan. In December 2009, Obama announced that
he would send an additional thirty thousand troops to Afghanistan but would begin troop
withdrawals in July 2011.A u.S. Army soldier embraces a member of the Afghan National
Army (ANA) at the end of a training program in May 2013. The participating
Afghan soldiers received certificates in disabling explosives, a highly sophisticated
activity. U.S.-led coalition forces are winding down their operations before
withdrawing the bulk of their troops at the end of 2014, and they are racing to
prepare Afghan forces to take over. (Dibyangshu Sarkar/AFP/Getty Images)Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.