APPendIx B • The ConSTITUTIon of The UnITed STATeS 353
the military. The president may ask for the help of the head
of each of the executive departments (thereby creating the
cabinet). The cabinet members are chosen by the president
with the consent of the Senate, but they can be removed
without Senate approval.
The president’s clemency powers extend only to federal
cases. In those cases, he or she may grant a full or condi-
tional pardon, or reduce a prison term or fine.
Clause 2: Treaties and Appointment. He shall have Power,
by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to
make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators pres
ent concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint
Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of
the United States, whose Appointments are not herein
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by
Law; but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment
of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the
President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of
Departments.
Many of the major powers of the president are identified
in this clause, including the power to make treaties with
foreign governments (with the approval of the Senate by
a two-thirds vote) and the power to appoint ambassadors,
Supreme Court justices, and other government officials.
Most such appointments require Senate approval.
Clause 3: Vacancies. The President shall have Power to fill
up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of
the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire
at the end of their next Session.
The president has the power to appoint temporary officials
to fill vacant federal offices without Senate approval if the
Congress is not in session. Such appointments expire auto-
matically at the end of Congress’s next term.
Section 3. Duties of the President
He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Information of the State of the Union, and recommend
to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in
Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the
Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time
as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors
and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the
Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all
the Officers of the United States.
Annually, the president reports on the state of the union to
Congress, recommends legislative measures, and proposes
a federal budget. The State of the Union speech is a state-
ment not only to Congress but also to the American people.
After it is given, the president proposes a federal budget
and presents an economic report. At any time, the president
may send special messages to Congress while it is in ses-
sion. The president has the power to call special sessions,The president must be a natural-born citizen, be at least
thirty-five years of age when taking office, and have been a
resident within the United States for at least fourteen years.
Clause 6: Succession of the Vice President. [In Case of the
Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
Resignation or Inability to discharge the Powers and
Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the
Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide
for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability,
both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall
act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a
President shall be elected.]^8
This section provided for the method by which the vice
president was to succeed to the presidency, but its word-
ing is ambiguous. It was replaced by the Twenty-fifth
Amendment.
Clause 7: The President’s Salary. The President shall, at
stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation,
which shall neither be encreased nor diminished dur
ing the Period for which he shall have been elected,
and he shall not receive within that Period any other
Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
The president maintains the same salary during each four-
year term. Moreover, she or he may not receive additional
cash payments from the government. Originally set at
$25,000 per year, the salary is currently $400,000 a year
plus a $50,000 nontaxable expense account.
Clause 8: The Oath of Office. Before he enter on the
Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath
or Affirmation: “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
faithfully execute the Office of President of the United
States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
The president is “sworn in” prior to beginning the duties of
the office. Currently, the taking of the oath of office occurs on
January 20, following the November election. The ceremony
is called the inauguration. The oath of office is administered
by the chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Section 2. Powers of the President
Clause 1: Commander in Chief. The President shall
be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the
United States, and of the Militia of the several States,
when called into the actual Service of the United States;
he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal
Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any
Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices,
and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons
for Offences against the United States, except in Cases
of Impeachment.
The armed forces are placed under civilian control because
the president is a civilian but still commander in chief of- Modified by the Twentyfifth Amendment.
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