402 Index
process of, 225–226
cabinet, 238–239
cabinet departments and, 251
checks and balances, 34, 35
checks on courts and, 289–291
as commander in chief, 40
communicating with, 244
constituencies of, 233
creating congressional agenda,
231
death or incapacitation of, 201
electoral college, 34
executive agreements and, 40
executive organization,
238–241
foreign policy made by,
333–334
going public, 234
impeachment and, 237–238
powers of
appointment, 227, 258–259,
281–283
constitutional, 235, 333–334
diplomatic recognition, 229
emergency, 235
executive agreement, 230, 334
executive orders, 236
executive privilege, 236–237
expressed, 235
to grant reprieves and
pardons, 227–228
inherent, 235
patronage, 232
proposal and ratification of
treaties, 229–230
removal, 227
signing statements, 237
statutory, 235
treaties, 334
veto, 231–232
war powers, 333
wartime, 235
public approval of, 233–234
requirements for office, 172
roles of
chief diplomat, 229–230
chief executive, 227–228
chief legislator, 230–231
chief of party, 232–234
commander in chief, 228–229
head of state, 226–227
wartime powers, 228–229
salary of, 225party-in-government, 156–157
party platform, 155
patronage, 156
platform of, 155
in power, opposition to, 156–157
president as chief of, 232–234
splinter parties, 166
state party organizations, 156
tod ay, 161–162
voter behavior and, 191
Political question, 293
Political realism, 322–323
Political socialization, 8, 117–125
defined, 117–118
education and, 119
family and, 118–119
new generations and media, 133
opinion leaders and, 119
peers and peer groups, 119
second chance at, 119
two-party system and, 163
Political trust, 129–130
Politics, 2
Poll taxes, 95
Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine (PFLP), 88
Popular sovereignty, 5
Populist, on four-cornerd
ideological grid, 16
Populists, 159
Postal Service, U. S., 257
Powell, Colin, 100
Powell, Lewis, 108
Powell v. Alabama, 68
Powers
concurrent, 51
enumerated, 49
expressed, 49
implied, 54
inherent, 50
limiting government power, 2–3
of national government, 49–50
prohibited, 51
of state government, 50–51
Prayer, in schools, 71–72, 292
Precedent, 272
Preemptive war, 325
President, 224–244
becoming
age of, 225
birth controversies, 225
constitutional requirements
for, 225states and, 50, 57
Policy adoption, health care and,
300–302
Policy and Supporting Positions,
258
Policy evaluation, health care,
303
Policy formation, health care and,
300
Policy implementation, health
care, 302–303
Policymaking. See also Domestic
policy; Economic policy
courts and, 286–293
process of, 298–303
Political action committees
(PACs), 175
campaign financing and,
176 –17 7
defined, 176
number of, 176
soft money, 177
spending by, 176
super PACs, 178, 179
Political Activities Act, 176, 260
Political appointees, 258–259
Political consultant, 174–175
Political culture
defined, 8
public opinion and, 129–130
Political ideologies, 13–16
conservatism, 13–14
defined, 13
four-cornered ideological grid,
15
liberalism, 14
traditional political spectrum,
15
Political parties, 157–167
compared to interest groups,
14 4
defined, 143
functions of, 154–155
history of, in U.S., 157–162
major, influence of minor party
on, 165 –166
minor, role of, in U.S. politics,
165 –166
national chairperson of, 155
national committee, 156
national party organization,
155
organization of, 155–1579781285436388_em_indx_383-410.indd 402 10/22/13 7:05 AM
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