CHAPTER 20 | FURTHER READING 513
became increasingly suburban and white, hip-hop would continue to develop
and expand its range of musical styles and lyrical subject matter.As diverse as American music of the 1980s may be, a common thread can be
traced through all of the music described in this chapter: the thread of post-
modernism. Musicians as different as Laurie Anderson, John Adams, Danny
Elfman, and Grandmaster Flash share a creative approach to music of the past
and a willingness to explore new territories without discarding useful tradi-
tions. Likewise, all of these musicians are unafraid to stretch beyond boundaries
of genre and to bring into their music infl uences from other musical styles.
At the same time that postmodern attitudes were shaping many aspects of
American arts late in the twentieth century, traditional music—folk music—came
to occupy a new space in the general culture of the United States. The next chap-
ter considers the role of traditional music in contemporary society, where tradi-
tions whirl together in the postmodern blender.QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW
- What are the aesthetic premises of postmodernism, and how do they differ
from the tenets of modernism? - W hat are the major phases of film music in the second half of the twentieth
century, and who are the film composers associated with each phase? - How did MT V’s emphasis on visual spectacle influence popular music in the
1980s? - What are the specific techniques that distinguish hip-hop from earlier musi-
cal styles? How are those techniques indicative of the live performance con-
texts in which they emerged?
FURTHER READING
Cateforis, Theodore. Are We Not New Wave? Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 2011.
Chang, Jeff. Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop: A History of the Hip Hop Generation. New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 2005.
Charnas, Dan. The Big Payback: The History of the Business of Hip-Hop. New York: New
American Library, 2010.
Halfyard, Jante K. Danny Elfman’s “Batman”: A Film Score Guide. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow
Press, 2004.
Katz, Mark. Groove Music: The Art and Culture of the Hip-Hop DJ. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2012.
Kramer, Jonathan. “The Nature and Origins of Musical Postmodernism.” In Postmodern
Music/Postmodern Thought, edited by Judy Lochhead and Joseph Auner, 13–26. New
York: Routledge, 2002.
Ross, Alex. “Oscar Scores.” New Yorker, March 9, 1998. Online at http://www.therestisnoise
.com/2004/05/oscar_scores.html.
Strickland, Edward. American Composers: Dialogues on Contemporary Music. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1991.
Tschmuck, Peter. “The Recession in the Music Industry: A Cause Analysis.” Music Business
Research, March 29, 2010. Online at http://musicbusinessresearch.wordpress.com/.172028_20_495-513_r3_sd.indd 513 23/01/13 11:16 AM