5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2014-2015 Edition

CHAPTER

12

Motivation and Emotion

IN THIS CHAPTER

Summary:Why do you do what you do? Motivationis a psychological

process that directs and maintains your behavior toward a goal, fueled by

motives,which are needs or desires that energize your behavior. Theories of

motivation generally distinguish between primary, biological motives such as

hunger, thirst, sex, pain reduction, optimal arousal, aggression; and second-

ary, social motives such as achievement, affiliation, autonomy, curiosity, and

play. Social motivesare learned motives acquired as part of growing up in

a particular society or culture. Emotion is closely related to motivation. Some

psychologists even define emotions as specific motivated states. Emotionis

a psychological feeling that involves a mixture of physiological arousal,

conscious experience, and overt behavior. Emotions include love, hate, fear,

and jealousy. Instinct/evolutionary, drive reduction, incentive, arousal, and

humanistic theories look at motivation differently. James-Lange, Cannon-Bard,

Schachter-Singer, and opponent-process theories explain the relationship

between physiological changes and emotional experiences differently. Both

motivation and emotion spur us into action.

This chapter looks closely at direction and maintenance of behavior

toward a goal and the psychological feelings that result.

Key Ideas

Instinct/Evolutionary theory of motivation

Drive reduction theory of motivation

Incentive theory of motivation

Arousal theory of motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological motives—hunger, thirst, pain, sex

Social motives—achievement, affiliation

Social conflict situations

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KEY IDEA

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