5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2014-2015 Edition

For individualistic cultures, the most self-reliant, socially competent children with the

highest self-esteem tend to have warm, authoritative parents.

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Developmentlooks at development across the life

span in a social context in 8 sequential stages during which we are faced with a crisis

to resolve:

Table 13.1 Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Stage Period Crisis Positive resolution

1 First year Trust vs. mistrust Sense of security

2 Second year Autonomy vs. Sense of independence

shame/doubt

3 3–5 years Initiative vs. guilt Balance between spontaneity

and restraint

4 6 years to Industry vs. Sense of self-confidence

puberty inferiority

5 Adolescence Identity vs. role Unified sense of self

confusion

6 Young Intimacy vs. Form close personal

adulthood isolation relationships

7 Middle Generativity vs. Promote well being

adulthood stagnation of others

8 Late Integrity vs. Sense of satisfaction with

adulthood despair life well lived

Gender Development

Gender—the sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female.

Gender roles—sets of expectations that prescribe how males and females should act,

think, feel.

Gender identity—person’s sense of being male or female.

Gender stability—child’s understanding that sex identity is stable over time.

Gender consistency—child’s understanding that his or her sex won’t change even if

he or she acts like the opposite sex.

Gender schema—mental set of what society considers appropriate behavior for each

of the sexes.

Gender role stereotypes—broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs

about males and females.

Androgyny—the presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in one

individual.

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