Abnormal Behavior 227
Delusion—false belief of being plotted against (persecution), or being extraordinar-
ily important (grandeur), or being controlled by others.
Hallucination—false sensory perception such as hearing voices or seeing images
that are not present.
Four major types of schizophrenia: disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, and undiffer-
entiated.
Disorganized schizophrenia (hebephrenia)—characterized by thought distur-
bances and silly behavior or absence of emotions.
Catatonic schizophrenia—characterized by bizarre movements or lack of move-
ment, such as immobile stupor and waxy flexibility
- Personality disorders are classified on DSM-IV Axis II and grouped into three clusters:
odd/eccentric (including paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal), dramatic/emotionally
problematic (including histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial), and
chronic fearfulness/avoidant (including avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-
compulsive). Personality disorders are characterized by persistent patterns of mal-
adaptive and inflexible traits in personality.
- Developmental disorders involve disturbances in learning, language, and motor or
social skills showing up in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Developmental dis-
orders include:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—characterized by the inability
to focus attention, distractibility, and impulsivity.
Autism—characterized by impaired social interaction, poor communication, and
limited activities and interests.
Anorexia nervosa—eating disorder characterized by abnormally restrictive eating,
gross underweight, and unrealistic body image of being too fat.
Bulimia nervosa—eating disorder characterized by “binging and purging.”
