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Learning
IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary:Did you have to learn how to yawn? Learningis a relatively
permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. For a change to be
considered learning, it cannot simply have resulted from maturation, inborn
response tendencies, or altered states of consciousness. You didn’t need to
learn to yawn; you do it naturally. Learning allows you to anticipate the future
from past experience and control a complex and ever-changing environment.
This chapter reviews three types of learning: classical conditioning, oper-
ant conditioning and cognitive learning. All three emphasize the role of the
environment in the learning process.Key Ideas
✪Classical conditioning
✪Classical conditioning paradigm
✪Classical conditioning learning curve
✪Strength of conditioning
✪Classical aversive conditioning
✪Higher-order conditioning
✪Operant conditioning
✪Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning
✪Opernat conditioning training procedures
✪Operant aversive conditioning
✪Reinforces
✪Operant conditioning training schedules of reinforcement
✪Cognitive processes in learning
✪The contingency model
✪Latent learning
✪Insight learningKEY IDEACHAPTER
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