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Validity—test measures what it is supposed to measure; methods of measurement
include face, content, predictive, construct.Types of tests:
- Performance tests—test taker knows how to respond to questions and tries to succeed.
- Speed tests—large number of relatively easy items in limited test period;
- Power tests—items of varying difficulty with adequate test period.
Aptitude tests—assess person’s capacity to learn, predict future performance
(example: SAT).
Achievement tests—assess what a person has already learned (example: AP test).
Group tests—test many people at one time; test taker works alone; cheaper; more
objective.
Individualized tests—interaction of one examiner with one test taker; expensive;
subjective grading.
Ethics and standards in testing:
APA and other guidelines detail standards to promote best interests of client, guard
against misuse, respect client’s right to know results, and safeguard dignity. Informed
consent needed. Confidentiality guaranteed.
Culture-relevant tests—test skills and knowledge related to cultural experiences of the
test takers.Intelligence and intelligence testing:
Reification—construct treated as a concrete, tangible object.
Intelligence—aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and
to deal effectively with the environment.
Stanford-Binet intelligence tests—constructed by Lewis Terman–was an individual
IQ test with IQ calculated using ratio formula: Mental age/chronological age ×100.
Now, IQ based on deviation from mean, for children and for adults. Five ability areas
assessed both verbally and nonverbally.
Wechsler intelligence tests—Three age individual IQ tests: WPPSI (Wechsler
Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence), WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale
for Children), WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale); two scores—verbal and
performance; difference between two helpful for identifying learning disabilities;
deviation IQ score—100 mean/mode/median, 15 pt SD; good for extremes of gifted
and mentally retarded.
Degrees of Mental Retardation:- Mild—IQ 50–70; can self-care, hold job, may live independently, form social
relationships. - Moderate—IQ 35–49; may self-care, hold menial job, function in group home;
- Severe—IQ 20–34; limited language and limited self-care, lack social skills,
require care; - Profound—IQ under 20; require complete custodial care.
Factor analysis—a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups
of items by determining which variables have a high degree of correlation.
Testing and Individual Differences ❮ 213