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environment and our behavior all interact to
account for our behavior.
Trial and error—trying possible solutions and
discarding those that fail to solve the problem.
Triarchic theory of intelligence—Robert
Sternberg’s idea of three separate and testable
intelligences: analytical (facts), practical (“street
smarts”), creative (seeing multiple solutions).
Turner’s syndrome—females with only one X sex
chromosome who are short, often sterile, and have
difficulty calculating.
Type A personalities—hard-driving, competitive,
impatient, and ambitious individuals which
might predispose them to coronary and other
health problems early in life.
Type B personalities—more relaxed and calm indi-
viduals who are less likely to suffer health compli-
cations due to stress than Type A personalities.
Unconditional positive regard—Rogers’ term for
acceptance, value and love from others independ-
ent of how we behave.
Unconditioned response(UCR)—in classical con-
ditioning, is the unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus(UCS)—in classical con-
ditioning, the stimulus that naturally and auto-
matically triggers the reflexive unconditioned
response (UR).
Unconscious—the level of consciousness of which
we are unaware, that includes often unacceptable
feelings, wishes and thoughts not directly avail-
able to conscious awareness, according to psycho-
dynamic psychologists/psychoanalysts. According
to cognitive psychologists, the unconscious is the
level of consciousness that parallel processes infor-
mation of which we are unaware.
Unconsciousness—characterized by loss of respon-
siveness to the environment resulting from dis-
ease, trauma, or anesthesia.
Undifferentiated schizophrenia—simple schizo-
phrenia characterized by fragments of the symp-
toms of other, different types of schizophrenia.
Validity—the extent to which an instrument meas-
ures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Variability—the spread or dispersion of a set of
research data or distribution.
Variable interval—schedule of reinforcement in
which responses are reinforced after varying
lengths of time.
Variable ratio—schedule of reinforcement in which
reinforcement is presented after a varying number
of responses.
Visual encoding—the encoding of pictorial images
into our memory.
Wernicke’s area—region in left temporal lobe that
plays role in understanding language and making
meaningful sentences.
Weschler intelligence tests—the most widely used
measurement of intelligence; three age-related
individual IQ tests (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS) that
provide two scores, verbal and performance.
Wo mb envy—Horney’s counterpart to penis envy of
Freudian theory; male’s desire to procreate.
Yerkes–Dodson rule—for easy tasks, moderately
high arousal is needed to do well; for difficult
tasks, moderately low; and most average tasks,
moderate level of arousal.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD )—the range
between the level at which a child can solve a
problem working alone with difficulty, and the
level at which a child can solve a problem with the
assistance of adults or more-skilled children.
Zygote—a fertilized ovum with the genetic instruc-
tions for a new individual normally contained in
46 chromosomes.Glossary ❮ 337