- A—(Chapter 8) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones in the middle
ear that transmit vibrations to the cochlea, where transduction takes place. If they are
damaged, vibrations may not be transmitted, resulting in conduction deafness. - A—(Chapter 8) Since Hannah could hear a sound from further away than Maya, she
seems to have a lower absolute threshold for hearing than Maya. - C—(Chapter 8) Kinesthesis is your sense of body position and movement of individual
body parts, with receptors in your muscles, tendons, and joints. - A—(Chapter 8) A mile is too far away for texture gradient, retinal disparity, and
convergence to be factors in perceiving depth. At that distance, the fact that the building
partially hides the hills behind it is a cue to which is closer. - A—(Chapter 9) Alpha and beta waves characterize our awake states, whereas theta and
delta waves are more characteristic of sleep states. - A—(Chapter 9) According to the dissociation theory, hypnotized individuals experi-
ence two or more streams of consciousness cut off from each other, where the hidden
observer monitors behavior. - C—(Chapter 9) Methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and benzedrine are all
classified as stimulants. - D—(Chapter 10) Because of a learned association with loud thunder, lightning can
evoke a cringing reaction. The other behaviors are unlearned, automatic behaviors. - D—(Chapter 10) Classical conditioning establishes an association between an uncon-
ditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus. The
unconditioned stimulus is the reinforcer. - B—(Chapter 10) The pidgeon does not discriminate among the different lights.
Responding the same way to other colors of light as to yellow light is generalizing. - A—(Chapter 10) The teacher wanted someone to turn off the alarms. She reinforced
closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior, which is known as shaping. - D—(Chapter 10) Tom wants to drive the car, but because of his behavior, his parents
took the car away from him. This is called omission training or negative punishment. - D—(Chapter 10) JoBeth learned by observing her mother and imitating the behavior.
- B—(Chapter 11) Syntax is the set of rules that regulate the orderin which words can
be combined into grammatically sensible sentences in a language. - A—(Chapter 11) Ralph is looking only for instances that uphold his hypothesis, not
for instances that disconfirm it, so he is showing the confirmation bias. - A—(Chapter 11) Mnemonic devices are memory tricks that help us retrieve informa-
tion from long term memory. - B—(Chapter 11) Implicit memory stores memories of procedural skills.
- E—(Chapter 11) A heuristic is a “rule of thumb,” a shortcut to an answer that is
usually, but not always, correct. - C—(Chapter 11) We often incorporate information that was not presented into our
memories of events. - B—(Chapter 12) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the steady state of metabolism in
our bodies. Reestablishing equilibrium is the goal of drive reduction. - B—(Chapter 12) Bingeing and purging characterize bulimia nervosa.
- E—(Chapter 12) All three factors define emotions.
- B—(Chapter 12) The sympathetic nervous system is activated when the body is
aroused, which dilates pupils, slows digestion, speeds the heart, speeds breathing,
increases perspiration, etc. - C—(Chapter 12) Facial expressions seem to be universal across all cultures.
- D—(Chapter 13) The Y chromosome determines that the fertilized egg will develop
into a male baby, no matter how many X chromosomes are present.
28 ❯ STEP 2. Determine Your Test Readiness