Methods
KEY TERMS
Hindsight bias
Applied research
Basic research
Hypothesis
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Theory
Operational definition
Validity
Reliability
Sampling
Sample
Population
Representative sample
Random sampling
Stratified sampling
Experiment—laboratory and field
Confounding variables—participant and situation-relevant
Random assignment
Controls
Group-matching
Experimenter bias
Double-blind procedure
Single-blind procedure
Response or participant bias
Social desirability
Hawthorne effect
Placebo method
Correlations—positive and negative
Survey method
Response rate
Naturalistic observation
Case study method
Descriptive statistics
Frequency distribution
Measures of central tendency—mean, median, mode
Extreme scores or outliers
Positive versus negative skew
Measures of variability—range, standard deviation, variance