The Solar System

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 125 The So-Called Scientifi c Method How can you understand nature if it depends on the atomic w ...

126 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS can be absorbed by a given kind of atom. ■ Figure 7-4 shows the lowest four energy levels of the hydrog ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 127 of an electron or other charged particle, you generate electromag- netic waves. If you run a ...

128 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS short-wavelength photons are rare. Similarly, most collisions are not extremely gentle, so long-wavelen ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 129 X-ray or gamma-ray photon. Your wavelength of maximum intensity lies in the infrared part of ...

130 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS wavelengths as the photons absorbed by hydrogen atoms in the gases of a star. Most modern astronomy boo ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 131 Temperature has a similar eff ect on the spectral lines of other elements, but the temperatu ...

PART 2 | THE STARS Emission spectrum Gas atoms Absorption spectrum Absorption spectrum Telescope Spectrograph Continuous spectru ...

388.9 nm 1875.1 nm 1281.8 nm 1093.8 nm 1005.0 nm 954.6 nm ... .. . .. . 397.0 nm 410.2 nm 434.0 nm 486.1 nm 656.3 nm 93.8 nm 95. ...

134 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS Th e Balmer lines are strongest in A stars, where the temperature is moderate but still high enough to ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 135 lines superimposed. Th e wavelength of maximum intensity is in the infrared for the coolest ...

136 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS As a child in England, Cecilia Payne (1900–1979) excelled in classics, languages, mathematics, and lite ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 137 Payne worked for many years as a staff astronomer at the Harvard College Observatory with no ...

138 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS When astronomers talk about the Doppler eff ect, they are talking about a shift in the wavelength of el ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 139 much too small to change the color of a star, but they are easily detected in spectra. Th e ...

PART 2 | THE STARS Summary ▶ An atom consists of a nucleus (p. 123) surrounded by a cloud of electrons (p. 123). The nucleus is ...

CHAPTER 7 | ATOMS AND STARLIGHT 141 If a star has a surface temperature of 20,000 K (2.00  104 K), at what wavelength will it ...

Far UV image 142 The Sun 8 This far-ultraviolet image of the sun made from space has been enhanced and rendered in false color t ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 143 All cannot live on the piazza, but everyone may enjoy the sun. — ITALIAN PROVERB A wit once remarked tha ...

144 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS Granule b Sinking gas Rising gas aa Visual-wavelength imageVisual-wavelength image ■ Figure 8-2 (a) Thi ...