The Solar System

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 145 granule. Spectra of granules show that the centers are a few hun- dred degrees hotter than the edges, an ...

146 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS ■ Figure 8-4 Hα fi ltergrams reveal complex structure in the chromosphere that cannot be seen at visual ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 147 Visual-wavelength image Visual image Visual image Twisted streamers in the corona suggest magnetic field ...

148 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS in the low-density, high-temperature gases of a chromosphere and corona. Also, many stars are sources o ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 149 Sun’s center Su rfa ce ofs un Computer model of one of 10 million possible modes of vibration for the su ...

150 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS Nuclear Fusion in the Sun Like soap bubbles, stars are structures balanced between oppos- ing forces th ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 151 Hydrogen Fusion Th e sun fuses together four hydrogen nuclei to make one helium nucleus. Because one hel ...

152 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS Convective zone Radiative zone Core energy generation Photon follows a random path as it drifts outward ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 153 It can take a million years for the energy from a single gamma ray to work its way outward fi rst as rad ...

154 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS the sun produce only one fl avor, and the Davis experiment was designed to detect (taste) that fl avor. ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 155 It is not safe to look directly at the sun, and it is even more dangerous to look at the sun through any ...

156 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS 90N 30N 0 ° 30S 90S 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Penumbra A ty ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 157 Historical records show that there were very few sunspots from about 1645 to 1715, a phenomenon known as ...

158 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS hubcap. Rising and sinking gas currents twist the fi eld into rope- like tubes, which tend to fl oat up ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 159 magnetic force arch up through the surface closer to the equator. As a result, the later sunspot pairs i ...

160 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS Chromospheric and Coronal Activity Th e solar magnetic fi elds extend high into the chromosphere and co ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 161 The Solar Constant Even a small change in the sun’s energy output could produce dramatic changes in Eart ...

162 PART 2^ |^ THE STARS Quiescent prominences may hang in the lower corona for many days, whereas eruptive prominences burst up ...

CHAPTER 8 | THE SUN 163 Magnetic reconnections can release enough energy to blow large amounts of ionized gas outward from the c ...

PART 2 | THE STARS In contrast, an earlier period called the Grand Maximum, lasting from about ad 1100 to about 1250, saw a warm ...