636 INDEX
Biological evolution, 586
Cambrian explosion of, 589–590, 591
carbon-chain molecules and, 586–587
cell division and, 585
chemical compounds and, 584
DNA regarding, 583–586
on Earth, 586–592
extremophiles and, 591–592
geologic time and, 589–592
humanoids and, 589–590
intelligent life and, 595–599
Miller experiment regarding, 587–588
nature of life and, 582–586
origin of life and, 586–589
in other planetary systems, 594
our solar system and, 593
physical basis of, 582–583
primordial soup and, 588–589
RNA and, 583, 585
space hypothesis of, 589
stromatolites and, 587, 589
timeline representation of, 591
Blackbody radiation, 127
commonality of, 127–128
features of, 128
human body and, 129
wavelength and, 128–129
Black hole, 173
Blue shift, 138 –139
Bode, Johann, 527
Bok globules, 169, 170
Bombardment, late heavy, 452
Bow shock, 431
Brahe, Tycho
background on, 62
Kepler and, 64, 65–66
legacy of, 63
observations of, 62–63
Breccias, 451
Bright-line spectra, 130, 132
Bruno, Giordano, 70
de Buffon, Georges-Louis, 398
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 477
Butterfl y diagram, Maunder, 155, 156 ,
158–159
C
CAIs. See Calcium-aluminum-rich
inclusions
Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs),
555
Callisto
characteristics of, 504–505
history of, 509–510
life regarding, 593
Caloris Basin, 458, 459
Cambrian explosion, 589 –590, 591
Cannon, Annie J., 131
Capture hypothesis, 454
Carbonaceous chondrites, 552 , 554–556
Carbon atoms, 582–583
Cassegrain focus, 108, 110
Cassini, Giovanni, 503
Catastrophic hypothesis, 398 , 400
Cat’s Eye Nebula, 174, 175
Cause, 80
CCDs.See Charge-coupled devices
Celestial equator, 17
Celestial sphere, 16–19, 17
Cell division, 585
Centaurs, 563
Center of mass, 82, 85
Ceres, 546, 547, 559
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 119
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 119
CHARA array, 112
Charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 113
Charon, 545–546, 547
Chemicals
compounds of life and, 584
evolution and, 589
solar nebula and, 407–408
Chicxulub, 577
Chondrites, 553 –556
Chondrules, 553 –554
Chromatic aberration, 102 , 103
Chromosomes, 583, 585
Chromosphere, 41 , 42
magnetic phenomena, 160, 162
sun’s, 145–146
temperature, 147
Circular velocity, 82, 84
Circumpolar constellations, 16, 18
Classifi cation, of stellar spectra, 131,
134–136
Climate
Earth’s, 25–27, 436–439
human effects on, 436–439
Milankovitch hypothesis and, 26–27
Closed orbit, 82, 85
CMEs.See Coronal mass ejections
Columbus, Christopher, 54
Coma, 568
Comets, 404 .See also specifi c Comet
bright v. faint, 565–566
coma of, 568
dust of, 566, 569
ices of, 566–567
impacts of, 503, 575–576, 578
Jupiter and, 503
Kuiper belt, 412, 572–573
long-period, 570, 571misconception about, 565
nuclei geology of, 566–567, 570
nuclei mass/density of, 567
nucleus of, 566–570
Oort cloud, 571–572
origin/history of, 570–572
properties of, 566, 568–569
short-period, 570, 571–572
tails of, 566, 568
venting and, 567, 570
Comparative planetology, 425 , 479–480
principles of, 504
Saturn’s moons and, 522
Comparison spectrum, 113
Composite volcanoes, 470, 472
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 119
Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
(Galilei). See Dialogo Sopra i Due
Massimi del Mondo
Condensation, 409
Condensation hypothesis, 454
Condensation sequence, 408 , 412
Confi rmation, 160
Conservation of energy, 83, 86
Consolidation, 160
Constellations
asterisms and, 13
circumpolar, 16, 18
distribution regarding, 13–14
offi cial, 12–13
Continuous spectra, 130, 132
Convection, 145
Convective zone, 152
Coorbital satellites, 520–521
Copernican revolution
background regarding, 58
De Revolutionibus and, 58–61
Galileo and, 68–70
Copernicus, Nicolaus
De Revolutionibus and, 58–61
Kepler and, 66
model by, 58
retrograde motion and, 59
scientifi c revolution regarding, 61
uniform circular motion and, 59–61
Core
Earth’s, 430–431
Jupiter’s, 496–497
Terrestrial planets and, 426
Corona, 41 , 42
coronagraphs of, 143, 146, 147
magnetic phenomena, 160, 162–163
solar, 146–148
spectrum, 146
temperature/solar wind, 147
Coronae, 471 , 474