638 INDEX
Einstein, Albert (Continued)
space-time curvature confi rmation and, 93–94
special relativity and, 90–92
Ejecta, 444, 446
Electromagnetic radiation, 99
Electromagnetic spectrum, 100–101
Electron, 123 , 124–125
Elements, 185
Ellipse, 64 –65, 67
Elliptical galaxies, 177, 178
Emission spectra, 130, 132
Enceladus, 520, 593
Energy, 86
binding, 124
conservation of, 83, 86
fl ow, 426
nuclear fusion and, 150, 152–153
thermal, 127, 128
Energy levels, 126
Enzymes, 583, 584
Epicycle, 55, 57
Equant, 57
Equatorial mounting, 108, 111
Equivalence principle, 93
Eratosthenes, 54, 55
Eris, 546
Eros, 560
Escape velocity, 85
calculating, 82
Earth, 428
gravity and, 83, 85
Jupiter, 496
Mars, 477
Mercury, 455
moon, 443
Neptune, 540
Saturn, 511
sun, 144
Uranus, 529
Venus, 465
Eudoxus of Cnidus, 53
Europa
characteristics of, 506–507
history of, 509–510
life regarding, 593
European Extremely Large Telescope, 108,
109
Evening star, 22
Evolution
chemical, 589
Earth, 427
planetary stages of, 427
slow surface, 427
terrestrial planets, 427–428
Evolution, biological, 586
Cambrian explosion of, 589–590, 591
carbon-chain molecules and, 586–587
cell division and, 585
chemical compounds and, 584
DNA regarding, 583–586
on Earth, 586–592
extremophiles and, 591–592
geologic time and, 589–592
humanoids and, 589–590
intelligent life and, 595–599
Miller experiment regarding, 587–588
nature of life and, 582–586
origin of life and, 586–589
in other planetary systems, 594
our solar system and, 593
physical basis of, 582–583
primordial soup and, 588–589
RNA and, 583, 585
space hypothesis of, 589
stromatolites and, 587, 589
timeline representation of, 591
Evolution, stellar. See also Star death
red dwarf, 154–155
star birth and, 168–169, 170–171
Evolutionary hypothesis, 398 , 400
Excited atom, 126
Extrasolar planets, 415
center of mass regarding, 417
hot Jupiters as, 418–419
microlensing and, 418
observing, 415–420
photographing, 419
transit and, 417–418
Extremophiles, 591 –592
Eyepiece, 102 , 103F
Falls, 552
False-color images, 113
Field, 81 –82
Field of view, 2
clusters/fi laments in, 6–7
Earth in, 2–4
familiar territory in, 2
Milky Way Galaxy in, 5–6
solar system in, 3–4
Filaments, 6–7, 160, 162
Filtergram, 146
Find, 552
First Narrative (Rheticus), 59
First principles, 54
Fission hypothesis, 454
Five regular solids, 63, 64
Flares, 161, 163
Flooding, 427, 452–453
Flux, 15 –16
Focal length, 102Folded mountain ranges, 432, 434
Forces of nature, 150
Forward scattering, 499
Frequency, 99G
Galaxies
classifi cation of, 177–180
clusters of, 6–7
colliding, 180
misconceptions about, 6
numbers of, 177
origin of, 177–180
Galaxy, 5 –6
Galaxy, Milky Way, 6 , 176
collisions of, 181
in fi eld of view, 5–6
origins, 176–177
spiral arms of, 6
Galilean moons, 68 , 509–510
Galilean satellites, 504
Galilei, Galileo
Aristotle and, 77
background on, 67–68
controversy and, 69–70
Copernican revolution and, 68–70
Dialogo/trial of, 70
discoveries of, 68–69
Galilean moons and, 68
misconceptions about, 67
modern science regarding, 70–71
motion discoveries of, 76–78
rings of Saturn and, 512
sunspot observation by, 155
Two New Sciences and, 78
Venus and, 69
Galle, Johann, 539
Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope
(GLAST), 119
Ganymede
characteristics of, 505–506
history of, 509–510
life regarding, 593
Gas
Earth atmosphere, 436
gas-star-gas cycle and, 184
outgasing and, 411
Gas tail, 566, 568
GBT, 116, 117
Gene, 583, 585
General theory of relativity, 92
confi rmation of, 93–94
equivalence principle and, 93
explained, 92–93
Geocentric universe, 54
Georgium Sidus (George’s Star), 527