640 INDEX
Jumbled terrain, 453
Juno, 559
Jupiter
asteroids regarding, 562, 563
atmosphere of, 495, 498, 500–501
belt-zone circulation in, 498, 501
Callisto and, 504–505, 509–510, 593
cloud layers in, 501
composition of, 497
core of, 496–497
disk-shaped nebula and, 510
Europa and, 506–507, 509–510, 593
forward scattering and, 499
Ganymede and, 505–506, 509–510, 593
gossamer rings of, 502
great red spot and, 500, 501
interior of, 496–497, 501–502
Io and, 496, 497, 498, 507–510
life regarding, 593
magnetic fi eld of, 497–498
moons of, 503–510
Neptune compared with, 533, 535
profi le of, 496
rings around, 499, 502
Shoemaker-Levy 9 and, 575–576
solar nebula and, 503
surveying, 495–496
Uranus compared with, 533, 535, 538
K
Kelvin temperature scale, 127
Kepler, Johannes
background on, 63–64
Brahe and, 64, 65–66
Copernicus and, 66
empiricism of, 65
fi ve regular solids of, 63, 64
Newton and, 83, 86–87
Rudolphine Tables and, 65–66
three motion laws of, 64–65, 67, 83,
86–87
Kinetic energy, 86
Kirchhoff ’s laws, 130, 132
Kirkwood, Daniel, 513, 562
Kirkwood gaps, 562
Kohoutek, Comet, 565
Kuiper, Gerard, 404, 572
Kuiper belt, 404
comets from, 412, 572–573
dwarf planets and, 546–547
planetesimals and, 412
Pluto/plutinos and, 548
L
de Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 398
Large Binocular Telescope, 108, 112
Large-impact hypothesis, 454 –455
Late heavy bombardment, 452
Lava, 452
Lava channels, 471
Law, 66
L dwarfs, 135 –136
Leverrier, Urbain Jean, 539
Levy, David, 576
Life
biological evolution and, 586
Cambrian explosion of, 589–590, 591
carbon-chain molecules and, 586–587
cell division and, 585
chemical compounds and, 584
DNA building, 583–586
on Earth, 586–592
extremophiles and, 591–592
geologic time evolving, 589–592
humanoids and, 589–590
intelligent, 595–599
Miller experiment regarding, 587–588
nature of, 582–586
origin of, 586–589
in other planetary systems, 594
our solar system and, 593
physical basis of, 582–583
primordial soup and, 588–589
RNA and, 583, 585
space hypothesis of, 589
stromatolites as, 587, 589
timeline representation of, 591
Light.See also Radiation
atom excitation and, 126–127
electromagnetic spectrum and, 100–101
as particle, 100
visible, 99, 101
as wave, 99–100
Light-gathering power, 103 –104, 105
Light pollution, 106
Light year (LY), 4 –5
Limb, 145 , 444
Limb darkening, 145
Line of nodes, 44
Liquid metallic hydrogen, 496
LM.See Lunar landing module
Lobate scarps, 457
Long-period comets, 570, 571
Lowell, Percival, 477, 544
Luminosity, 144
Lunar eclipses, 33
Earth and, 33, 36–37
partial, 36–37
Penumbral, 37
total, 33, 36, 37
Lunar landing module (LM), 445,
448–449LY. See Light year
Lyman spectral lines, 130, 133M
Mab, 533
Magnetic carpet, 147
Magnetic fi eld
chromosphere and, 160, 162
corona and, 160, 162–163
dynamo effect creating, 431
Earth’s, 431–432
Io and, 498
of Jupiter, 497–498
prominences and, 161, 162
reversal of, 432
stars and, 159–160, 161
sun’s, 158–159, 160, 162–162
of Uranus, 531–532
Magnetosphere, 431
Magnifying power, 105
Magnitude scale, 14 –15
Main-sequence stars, 169
Mantle, 426 , 431
Mare, 444
Mare Imbrium, 452–453
Maria, 444
Mars
age of, 407
atmosphere of, 478–481
canals and, 476–478
cratering on, 482
Earth compared with, 479–480
geology of, 481–483
Heperian/Amazonian periods on, 488
ice deposits on, 485
interior of, 479, 487
life regarding, 593
moons of, 489–490
Noachian period on, 487–488
outfl ow channels/valley networks and,
483
profi le of, 477
rocks of, 485–486
shield volcanoes and, 470, 473
southern highlands/northern lowlands of,
481–482
volcanism on, 470, 473, 482–483
water and, 483–487
Mass, 79
center of, 82, 85, 417
comet, 567
Earth, 428
Jupiter, 496
Mars, 477
Mercury, 455
moon, 443