644 INDEX
Satellites
coorbital, 520–521
Galilean, 504
geosynchronous, 82, 84
Hinode/IRAS, 118
INTEGRAL, 119
irregular/regular, 495
shepherd, 513, 515
SOHO, 149
Solar Maximum Mission, 161
Saturn
A/B/C rings of, 514
atmosphere of, 512
coorbital satellites and, 520–521
Enceladus/Dione and, 520
history of, 516
Iapetus and, 521–522
interior of, 511
Jupiter compared with, 497
life regarding, 593
Maxwell and, 512–513
moon origins and, 522
moons of, 517–522
Neptune compared with, 533, 535
Phoebe and, 519, 522
profi le, 511
ring processes and, 513, 516
rings of, 512–516
shepherd satellites of, 513, 515
surveying, 510–512
Tethys and, 519
Titan and, 517–518
Uranus compared with, 533, 535, 538
Schiaparelli Giovanni, 456, 476
Schmidt-Cassegrain focus, 108, 110
Science
accidental discovery and, 528
Galileo and, 70–71, 78
as knowledge system, 182
payment for, 516
pseudo, 25
religion and, 583
Scientifi c argument, 27 –28
Scientifi c confi dence, 153
Scientifi c method, 8 , 160
Scientifi c models, 19
Scientifi c notation, 3
Scientifi c revolutions, 61
Scott, David, 77, 78
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
(SETI), 596
Seasons
Earth, 21–22, 23–24
eclipse, 43–44, 46
misconceptions about, 22
Secchi, Angelo, 476
Secondary atmosphere, 433
Secondary craters, 444, 446
Secondary mirror, 108, 110
Sedna, 547
Seeing, 104 –105
Seismic waves, 429 –430
Seismographs, 429
Semimajor axis, 64 –65
SETI.See Search for Extra-Terrestrial
Intelligence
Shaddad, Muawia, 565
Shear (S) waves, 429
Shepherd satellites, 513, 515
Shield volcanoes, 470, 472
Shoemaker, Carolyn, 576
Shoemaker, Eugene, 574, 576
Shoemaker-Levy 9, Comet, 575–576
Short-period comets, 570, 571–572
Sidereal drive, 108, 111
Sidereal period, 35
The Sidereal Messenger (Galilei). See Sidereus
Nuncius
Sidereus Nuncius (Galilei), 68, 69
Sinuous rilles, 444
Sirius, 13
Skepticism, 419
Sky
celestial sphere, 16–19
precession, 19–20
Slipher, Vesto, 544
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 109
Slow surface evolution, 427
Small-angle formula, 39
Smooth plains, 459
SOFIA.See Stratospheric Observatory for
Infrared Astronomy
SOHO satellite, 149
Solar constant, 161 , 164
Solar eclipse, 37– 38
angular diameter regarding, 38–39
features of, 41
moon’s shadow creating, 39–40
partial, 38
total, 38, 39, 40–41
Solar Maximum Mission satellite, 161
Solar nebula
chemical composition of, 407–408
clearing of, 413–414
Jovian problem and, 411–412
Jupiter and, 503
planetesimal formation in, 408–409
protoplanet growth from, 409–411
solids condensation in, 408
Solar nebula theory, 399
angular momentum problem regarding, 413
solar system and, 399, 407–408, 412–413Solar system, 3
age of, 405–407
asteroids, 401, 404
characteristic properties of, 407, 412–413
comets, 404
disk shape of, 407, 412
in fi eld of view, 3–4
Jovian problem and, 411–412
life in, 593
meteors, 404–405
misconceptions, 6
nebula clearing and, 413
origins of, 397–399
planetesimal formation in, 408–409
protoplanet growth and, 409–411
revolution/rotation in, 401
solar nebula composition and, 407–408
solar nebula theory of, 399, 407–408,
412–413
solids condensation and, 408
space debris, 401, 404–405
survey, 401–407
Terrestrial/Jovian planets in, 401,
402–403
Solar wind, 147 , 431–432
Solids condensation, 408
Sound, 138
Soup, primordial, 588–589
South celestial pole, 17
Southern highlands, Mars, 481–482
South point, 17
Space-time. See also Time
gravity and, 93–94
Space travel, 595
Special theory of relativity, 91
effects of, 91–92
fi rst postulates of, 90–91
second postulate of, 91
Spectra, stellar
Balmer thermometer and, 130–131
classifi cation, 131, 134–136
Doppler effect and, 137–139
formation of, 130, 132–133
L dwarfs/T dwarfs and, 135–136
sequence and, 131–132
solar spectrum and, 123
star composition and, 136–137
Spectral classes/types, 131
Spectral lines, 113 , 130, 133
Spectral sequence, 131 –132
Spectrograph, 113 –114
Spectrum, 100
absorption, 144
chromosphere, 145–146
comparison, 113
corona, 146