INDEX 645Sun
age of, 407
angular diameter and, 39
annual motion of, 20–21
atmosphere, 143–148
chromosphere, 41, 42, 145–146, 147,
160, 162
corona, 41, 42, 143, 146–148, 160,
162–163
cycles of, 20–25
Earth seasons and, 21–22, 23–24
ecliptic and, 21
energy transport, 152–153
granulation, 144–145
helioseismology, 148–149
hydrogen fusion, 151–152
interior of, 148–153
magnetic cycle, 158–159, 160, 162–163
misconceptions about, 42
neutrino counting, 153–154
nuclear binding energy, 150
nuclear fusion, 150–154
observing, 154–155
photosphere, 143–145, 147
predicting eclipses and, 43–46
profi le, 144
rotation, 158
solar constant and, 161, 164
solar eclipses and, 37–41
vibrations, 148
Sun Dagger, 50, 52
Sunset line, 2–3
Sunspots, 143
butterfl y diagram of, 155, 156
cycle, 155–157
Galileo and, 155
magnetic fi eld and, 158–159
stars and, 159–160, 161
Zeeman effect and, 155, 157
Supergiant, 173
Supergranules, 145
Supernovae, 172– 173 , 176
S waves. See Shear waves
Synodic period, 35T
T dwarfs, 135 –136
Telescope(s). See also specifi c telescope
adaptive optics, 108, 112
buying, 106–107
computers and, 109, 111
design, 108, 110–111
giant, 108–109
of Herschel, William, 526–527
high energy astrophysics and, 118–119
Hubble Space, 117–118imaging systems and, 113
infrared, 107, 118
interferometry and, 112
light-gathering power of, 103–104, 105
light pollution and, 106
magnifying power, 105
new-generation, 108–112
optical, 101–112
powers of, 103–106
radio, 114–117
refl ecting, 101–102, 103
refracting, 101, 102–103, 103–106
resolving power, 104, 105
seeing and, 104–105
space, 117–119
spectrograph and, 113–114
Temperature, 127 , 128
chromosphere/corona/photosphere, 147
Earth, 428
Jupiter, 496
Mars, 477
Mercury, 455
moon, 443
Neptune, 540
Pluto, 545
Saturn, 511
sun, 144
Uranus, 529
Venus, 465
Temple I, Comet, 569, 570
Temple of Isis, 50
Terminator, 443 –444
Terrestrial planet(s), 401 .See also Earth;
Mars; Mercury; Venus
atmospheres and, 426–427
characteristics of, 402–403
comparative planetology and, 425
condensation sequence and, 412
core/mantle/crust/energy fl ow and, 426
evolution stages of, 427–428
guide to, 425–427
size regarding, 425–426
Tethys, 519
Thales of Miletus, 45–46, 53
Theory, 66
data unifi cation via, 448
general relativity, 92–94
misconception about, 66
proof and, 183
solar nebula, 399, 407–408, 412–413
special relativity, 90–92
two kinds of, 400
Thermal energy, 127 , 128
Thermophiles, 591 –592
Thirty Meter Telescope, 108, 109
Tidal heating, 505 –506, 509electromagnetic, 100–101
formation of, 130, 132–133
Spicules, 146
Spiral arms, 6
Spiral galaxies, 177, 178
Sporadic meteors, 557
Spring tides, 87 , 88
Spritzer Space Telescope, 118
Square Kilometer Array, 115, 116
Stadia, 54
Star death
origins/mechanics of, 172–176
red dwarf, 154–155
Stars, 3 –4.See also Star death; Stellar
evolution; Sun
atmosphere, 147–148
birth of, 168–169, 170–171
brightness of, 13, 14–15
composition of, 136–137
constellations, 12–14, 16, 18
Doppler effect and, 137–139
favorite, 14–15
gas-stars-gas cycle and, 185
life regarding, 594
magnitude/intensity and, 15–16
main-sequence, 169
misconceptions about, 5, 19
names of, 13–14
neutron, 173
O, 169
planet forming disks around, 169, 171,
414–415
proto, 169
spectra of, 130–136
spots/magnetic cycles of, 159–160,
161
travel between, 595
visual representation of, 5
Stefan-Bolzmann law, 129
Stellar evolution. See also Star death
red dwarf, 154–155
star birth and, 168–169, 170–171
Stellar spectra, 130–136
Stonehenge, 50, 51
Stony-iron meteorites, 552 , 553
Stony meteorites, 552 , 553–556, 575
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy (SOFIA), 107
Stromatolites, 587 , 589
Strong force, 150
Studying unseen world, 430
S-type asteroids, 564 –565
Subduction zone, 432, 434
Subsolar point, 466
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 154
Summer solstice, 23 –24