264 Index
electroweak interactions, 121
elliptical galaxies, 204
endothermic reactions, 134, 135
energy conservation law, 86, 115, 120
energy density, 117, 179
energy effect, 42
energy – momentum conservation, 85, 239
energy – momentum tensor, 60, 169
entropy, 101, 125, 160
entropy conservation law, 86, 116, 130
entropy density, 179, 259
equation of state, 86, 159, 195
equilibrium theory, 133
equivalence principle, 50
eternal inflation, 162
Euclidean space, 30
Eulerian equations, 224
event horizon, 39, 96, 99, 103
Evershed, John, 67
exothermic reactions, 129, 134, 135
expansion rate, 128, 129
expansion time, 190
expansion velocities, 12
extended gravity models, 106
falling photons, 52
false vacuum, 161
Fermi, Enrico, 123
Fermi coupling, 128
Fermi – Dirac statistics, 123
Fermi distribution, 120
fermion, 120, 123
fermion number, 123
‘Fingers of God’, 209, 221
FIRAS (Far Infrared Absolute
Spectrophotometer), 178
first law of thermodynamics, 116
first-order phase transition, 112
flatness problem, 151, 157
FLRW (Friedmann – Lemaˆıtre –
Robertson – Walker) concordance model,
81, 151, 193, 235
fluid dynamics, 224
flux, 73
Friedmann, Alexandr, 6
Friedmann’s equations, 81, 89, 91, 93
Friedmann – Lemaˆıtre cosmologies, 81, 84,
235
fundamental observer, 36
fundamental plane, 45
fusion reactions, 135
GalaxyseeMilky Way Galaxy
galaxy clusters, 218, 226
merging of, 211
galaxy formation, 207
galaxy groups, 201
size, 257
Galilean equivalence principle, 51
Galilei, Galileo, 2
gamma ray bursts (GRBs), 17, 106
gamma rays, 143
Gamow, Georg, 176
Gamow penetration factor, 138
gauge, 164
gauge interactions, 214
gauge problem, 227
gauge transformation, 227
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 33
Gauss – Bonnet term, 248
Gaussian curvature, 33, 35
general covariance, 49, 55, 58
general relativity, 6, 27, 49, 111
classical tests, 65
geodesic, 30
in Minkowski space-time, 32
on sphere, 32
geodesic equation, 57
global positioning system, 67
globular clusters, 5, 16, 44, 232
diameters, 257
gluons, 144
gold, relativistic energies, 27
GPS, 67
‘graceful exit’, 160, 228
grand unified theory (GUT), 114, 143, 144
phase transition, 155
gravitating mass, 19, 49
gravitational
birefringence, 54
collapse, 18, 103, 106, 230, 231
fields, timekeeping in, 67
lensing, 66, 69
potential, 61
radiation, 68
repulsion, 85
gravitational waves, 61, 68, 74, 165, 185
detection of, 75, 76
sources, 76
gravitino, 218
graviton, 75
gravity
Chaplygin – DGP, 249