Introduction to Cosmology

Index 267

number density, 131, 179
oscillation of, 122, 146
sterile, 215, 218
temperature contribution, 124, 131
neutron degeneracy pressure, 18, 123
neutron star, 18, 19, 67, 68, 103, 123, 126
neutron-to-proton ratio, 134, 138
Newton, Isaac, 2, 5
Newton’s first law of motion, 6
Newton’s law of gravitation, 2, 19, 22, 49
Newton’s second law of motion, 49, 55, 56
Newtonian constant, 19, 45, 258
Newtonian cosmology, 2, 5
Newtonian mechanics, 19, 22
nonrelativistic particles, 118
nuclear fusion, 135
null separation, 28
number density, 116, 127, 131, 179

object horizon, 39
see alsoparticle horizon
Olbers, Wilhelm, 8
Olbers’ Paradox, 2, 8
Oort,JanHendrik,6
open gravitational system, 8, 21
optical depth, 191
oscillating universe, 151, 169, 190

Palatini variation, 107, 247
parallax distance, 42
parallel axiom, 33
parameter estimation, 14, 189
parity operator, 145
parity transformation, 145
Parker bound, 156
parsec [unit], 6, 258
particle horizon, 39, 94, 103 , 152
particle masses [listed], 258
Pauli, Wolfgang, 123
Pauli exclusion force, 123
peculiar velocity, 14, 209
Penrose, Roger, 99
Penzias, Arno, 176
perihelion, 66
perturbations, 164, 169
phase transitions, 112
photino, 215
photon
blackbody spectrum, 116, 177
diffusion of, 230
entropy density, 130, 146

number density, 116, 135, 179

reheating of, 129

spin states, 187

superluminal, 54

virtual, 121

Pioneer anomaly, 45

pions, reactions and decay, 127, 128

Planck, Max, 53, 116

Planck constant, 53, 258

Planck mass, 112, 258

Planck space mission, 175

Planck time, 112, 258

Poisson’s equation, 61, 224

polarization

circularly polarized light, 186

CMB, 185

fluctuations, 185

linearly polarized light, 186

positronium, 121

positrons, 17, 121

power spectrum, 181, 191, 225

powers, 181

preferred direction of time, 161, 170

present observable universe, 28

pressure

matter, 87

radiation, 87, 224, 231

vacuum energy, 87, 239

primeval asymmetry generation, 143

primordial density fluctuations, 207

primordial plasma, 112, 124

Proctor, Richard Anthoy, 5

proper distance, 37, 40

proper time, 26

protons, 121, 122

pulsars, binary, 67

Q-balls, 214

QED (quantum electrodynamics), 121

quadrupole anisotropy, 75, 182, 185, 188

quantum fluctuations, 166

quantum mechanics, 53

quark matter, 19, 126

quark star, 103

quasar, 17

quintessence, 239, 241

tracking, 242

R parity, 115

radiation domination, 87, 88, 170, 177

radiation energy density, 179, 259