Evolution And History

xix

Contents

Evolution, Individuals, and Populations 41

Evolutionary Forces 42

Mutation 42

Genetic Drift 43

Gene Flow 43

Natural Selection 44

The Case of Sickle-Cell Anemia 47

Adaptation and Physical Variation 50

Biocultural Connection: The Social Impact of Genetics on

Reproduction 36

Original Study: Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: What Our

Similarity to Apes Tells Us about Our Understanding of

Genetics 40

Anthropology Applied: What It Means to Be a Woman:

How Women Around the World Cope with Infertility 44

Questions for Reflection 51

Suggested Readings 51

Preface xxv

Acknowledgments xxxvii

About the Authors xxxix

1 Th e Essence of Anthropology Brief Contents

The Development of Anthropology 4

Anthropological Perspectives 5

Anthropology and Its Fields 7

Physical Anthropology 7

Cultural Anthropology 11

Linguistic Anthropology 13

Archaeology 14

Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities 16

Fieldwork 18

Anthropology’s Comparative Method 20

Questions of Ethics 21

Anthropology and Globalization 22

Biocultural Connection: The Anthropology of Organ

Transplantation 9

Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology: Voices for

the Dead 10

Franz Boas Anthropologists of Note

Stevenson 17

Original Study: Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa: Traditional

Healers on the Front Line 19

Questions for Reflection 25

Suggested Readings 25

2 Genetics and Evolution

The Classification of Living Things 28

The Discovery of Evolution 31

Heredity 33

The Transmission of Genes 33

Genes and Alleles 35

Cell Division 36

Polygenetic Inheritance 39

xix

© Steve Bloom Images/Alamy

12196_FM_pi-xliii.indd xix12196_FM_pi-xliii.indd xix 2/4/10 1:41:34 AM2/4/10 1:41:34 AM