Evolution And History

xxx Preface

of diverse conservation methods, along with coverage of

some of the some successes such as the recovery of golden

lion tamarin populations. A new Anthropology Applied

on primate conservation features the work of bonobo spe-

cialist Jef Dupain and the Congo Heartland Project of the

African Wildlife Foundation. Michele Goldsmith explores

the ethics of field research in the chapter’s Original Study.

The chapter’s Globalscape connects cell phone recycling to

the preservation of endangered gorilla habitats. A new fig-

ure presenting the biogeography of the primates includes

the twenty-five most endangered primate species.

In terms of our survey of living primates, we include

an in-depth discussion of primate taxonomy including the

hot spots, alternate taxonomies, and controversies (tarsier

question and hominid/hominin question). The clade/

grade distinction is described, and the term clade is added

to the discussion and running glossary. Our figure com-

paring the skeletons of bison and gorilla has been revised

to help students understand how skeletal analyses are con-

ducted. Moving primate behavior to its own chapter has al-

lowed for more coverage of non-hominoid living primates

(lemurs/lorises, tarsiers, Old and New World monkeys).

Notably, Karen Strier’s work with the muriqui is included

in the discussion of New World monkeys that provides

insights into field methods and primate demographics. A

new Biocultural Connection by Meredith Small focuses on

primate vision and the human affinity for the color red.

CHAPTER 4: PRIMATE BEHAVIOR

This new, beautifully illustrated chapter is devoted exclu-

sively to primate behavior, allowing for an expanded treat-

ment of the topic. The sophistication of primate behavior is

framed by ethical questions regarding the use of primates

in medical research that open and close the chapter. While

the chapter emphasizes the great apes, examples from other

anthropoid primates are included in this discussion. A new

section critically discusses the use of baboon studies to re-

construct lifeways of our ancestors. New material on pri-

mate communication includes syntax in vervet monkeys

and dialect in marmosets along with new material on social

learning among macaques. Our discussion of communica-

tion also includes a discussion of altruism and an expanded

section on the communication abilities of the bonobo

Kanzi. Various forms of primate social organization are out-

lined along with their proposed links to biological features

such as sexual dimorphism. These and other theories about

primate reproductive biology are analyzed in terms of the

potential influence of contemporary gender norms, an ap-

proach pioneered by primatologist Linda Fedigan. A new

Biocultural Connection on arrested development in male

orangutans by Anne Nacey Maggioncaldo and Robert M.

Sapolsky complements this discussion. Along with many

new, updated, and classic references, this chapter contains

all new Questions for Reflection and Suggested Readings.

The chapter also rejects the characterization of a liberal

bias in anthropology, identifying instead the discipline’s

critical evaluation of the status quo. The ideological diver-

sity among anthropologists is explored while emphasizing

their shared methodology that avoids ethnocentrism. An

expanded section on ethics includes the history of ethics,

the changes of the AAA Code in response to classified or

corporate fieldwork, and the effects of emergent technol-

ogy. We emphasize the shared global environment in the

section on globalization, with an updated Globalscape on

organ trafficking.

CHAPTER 2: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

This revised chapter on genetics and evolution grounds

students in basic human biological processes including the

evolutionary forces that worked over millennia to shape

us into the species we are today. By moving some mate-

rial to later chapters, we are able to add new concepts and

diagrams that will serve to clarify and simplify the genetic

mechanisms at work. The new Challenge Issue focusing

on DNA fingerprinting, genetic determinism, and identity

captures students’ attention regarding the relevancy of ge-

netics. The Chapter Preview questions have been expanded

to make the genetic material more accessible. Sections on

hominin taxonomy and altruism and other models of be-

havior have been moved to other chapters to make room

for a more detailed but accessible discussion of genetics

and evolution. This includes more on the background of

the development of evolutionary theory including Cuvier’s

catastrophism, Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired charac-

teristics, and Lyell’s principles of geology.

This edition includes a discussion of chromatids to

clarify students’ understanding of DNA replication, mito-

sis, and meiosis. Examples of classic Mendelian traits that

students can explore with their relatives and thought ques-

tions accompanying the figures will help students master

this material. New figures on Punnett squares, a karyotype

illustrating the locus of a variety of common genes, and

the alleles using sickle-cell disease as an example will make

these concepts more accessible. The discussion of forces of

evolution includes a new section illustrating genetic drift

and founder effects featuring the achromotopsia on Pinge-

lap Island in Micronesia. A new section on adaptation and

physical variation introduces the concept of clines. Finally,

a new Anthropology Applied feature on global infertility as

a human rights issue features the work of Marcia Inhorn.

CHAPTER 3: LIVING PRIMATES

With this edition, our original chapter on the living pri-

mates was expanded into two separate chapters. This

allowed for more material on the vital issue of primate con-

servation as we survey the living primates and the place of

humans among them. Our expanded section on primate

conservation includes the scope of the threat, description

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