Index 351genetic evidence, 209
multiregional hypothesis, 205–206, 208
reconciling evidence in, 207–213
religious components, 28
See also Homo sapiens; humans
human rights
anthropology working toward, 10
and cultural relativism, 21
extended to apes, 40, 95
and female fertility, 44, 46
and global warming, 22
human stature, 10, 183, 205
human variation, 9, 49–50, 288–290, 300
human-ape comparisons. See ape-human
comparisons
human-made stressors, 305–306
humans
animals endangered by, 9, 72 , 72
bipedalism in, 59, 127–128, 163–167
classification of, 28–30, 30
diet, 162–163
and dinosaurs, 132
early appearance of, 130
environment of, 162–163
global prevalence of, 124
hind-leg dominance in, 127
human-Australopithecus comparisons, 154
life cycle, 89
as mammals, 30, 35
mutations in, 42–43
as prey, 178–179
skeletons, 113
See also ape-human comparisons; Cro-Magnons;
Homo headings; Miocene apes; modern
humans
hunter vs. scavenger theories, 177–179, 187–188
hunting
in Asia, 236
gendered theories, 176
by H. erectus, 187–188
by Homo (genus), 176–177
by Paleoindians, 225
of primates, 52–53, 55–56
by primates, 69–70, 81, 94–95, 133, 163,
177–179
sites of, 105
Upper Paleolithic innovations, 213–215
See also food foraging; food production; man
the hunter theory
hunting response, 305
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 32
hydraulic theories, 269
hypoglossal canal, 189, 190
hypothesis, defined, 3, 7, 16
Ice Man (Ötsi ), 101
Ida (primate fossil), 122, 122 , 134, 135
illness, defined, 307
Imanishi, Kinji, 81 , 82
“Immunological Time-Scale for Human
Evolution” (Wilson), 139
Inca civilization, 268
India, 137–138, 180, 189, 244, 255
See also castes; Hinduism
individuals and genetics, 41
Indonesia. See Homo erectus; Willandra
Lakes site
infants sleeping with parents, 6 , 312
infertility, 44–45, 293
informed consent agreement, 21
inheritance (biological), 31, 33, 36–37, 39–40, 286
See also heredity
Inhorn, Marcia C., 44
innovation (primary & secondary), 231
intelligence, 284–288, 294 , 295
Inuit culture
adaptations, 50, 290, 305
environmental impact on, 22
filming/photographing of, 17European, 180–181, 185–186, 190, 202
fire used by, 187–188
fossils, 103, 180–183, 185
and other Homo species, 183–186
as hunter, 188
hunting by, 188
linguistic capabilities in, 188–191
locations, 103, 183–186
physical characteristics, 180–183
populations expanding, 173
regional variations among, 289
skulls, 182 , 195
tools made by, 186–187
Homo ergaster, 181 , 181
Homo habilis
defined, 175
overview, 174–200
African origins, 167, 173, 179–180
bones, 160 , 168 , 169 , 195
brain size, 179, 194, 212, 294
vs. H. ergaster, 180
and other Homo species, 183–186
naming of, 167, 173
as scavenger, 177
sexual dimorphism in, 169
skulls, 169 , 195
and tool making, 173–175
Homo heidelbergensis, 181
Homo rudolphensis, 169
Homo sapiens
adaptability, 124
ancestors, 173
as anthropology focus, 4
archaic, 191–192
bipedalism, 147
brains, 191–192, 205, 207 , 212–213, 215
classification, 30
early appearance of, 203
future of, 320–321
geographical variants, 194
global expansion, 203–226
vs. other Homo species, 183
language abilities, 189
Middle Paleolithic vs. modern, 203
and pair bonding, 164
polytypic nature of, 289
skulls, 195 , 207 , 212–213
sub-species absent, 277–279
and tool making, 173
vocal tract, 189
See also modern humans; Neandertals
Homo sapiens idaltu, 207
homologies, 29, 31 , 31, 128, 128
homosexuality, 24, 85, 284
See also same-sex marriage
homozygous conditions, 38–39, 41, 46, 48–49,
272–273
Hopi Indians, 13, 250
Hopwood, A. T., 136
horticulture/horticultural societies, 239–240
Hudson, Charles, 274
human adaptation, 7–9, 124, 145, 289, 299–306
human behavior, 15
human evolution, 7–8, 35, 43, 59, 78–79, 91,
117–119, 133 , 294–296
See also Australopithecus; bipedalism; Homo
headings; Neandertals
human genome project, 280
human growth, 9, 88–89, 89 , 301 , 301–302, 304
human language, 7, 13–14, 91
human lineage, 135, 140 , 140, 209
human origins debates
overview, 206–212
Africa in, 200, 203–212, 295 , 295–296
anatomical evidence, 209–210
Blumenbach’s theories, 278, 279
cultural components, 209–211
and Darwin, 32
Eve hypotheses, 138–139, 206–207Harris lines, 248 , 249
Hart, Donna, 178–179
Hawks, John, 155–157
hazardous waste, 15, 320
health defined, 315
health disparities, 316
heat (stressor), 305
Heizer, Robert F., 107, 109
hemoglobin, 39, 48, 50
heredity, 27, 32–36, 282, 288
See also genes; inheritance (biological)
Herrnstein, Richard, 286
Herto specimens, 207 , 208, 211
heterochrony, 125
heterozygous conditions, 38–39, 43, 46,
48–49, 272
hieroglyphs, 260–261, 267
high altitude adaptation, 303 , 303–304, 304
Himalayan mountains, 137–138, 303
Hinduism
creation stories, 28
and infertility, 44
See also castes; India; religion
HIV/AIDS, 19–20, 35–37, 76, 313
Hohle Fels Cave, 198, 202, 220
Hole, Frank, 107, 109
holistic perspective, defined, 5
homeobox genes, 126, 126
homeotherms, 131
hominids (Hominidae), 30 , 59, 148 , 155–156,
166, 178–179
hominins (Homininae), 30 , 59, 145, 152–162
hominoids (Hominoidea)
apes as, 56 , 58 , 70
behavior of, 78, 88
bipedalism among, 123, 127, 145–146, 159
classification, 30 , 59, 59
fossil groups of, 136–137
in geologic time, 130
hands of, 163
humans as, 56, 58 , 70, 136, 138–139
knuckle walking in, 70
living, 138–139, 164, 188
in the Miocene, 136
suspensory hanging apparatus in, 66, 70
tails absent in, 79
teeth, 60 , 61, 136
Homo (genus)
overview, 141–169, 173–200
African origins, 119, 173, 213
ancestry of, 133, 145, 152, 162
and Australopithecus, 152, 153 , 161 , 161–163,
162 , 169
brains, 169, 172–173
classification, 29
cultural adaptation in, 288
early members, 152, 153 , 161, 167–170,
174–175
gendered theories of, 175–177
hunter vs. scavenger theories, 177, 179
vs. Kenyanthropus, 158
linguistic capabilities in, 190
vs. modern humans, 203
multiregional hypothesis of, 206
as navigators, 222
in the Pliocene, 152
skull, 160
teeth, 169
and tool making/use, 170, 173–175, 198–200
See also human origins debates
Homo antecessor, 172, 181 , 190
Homo erectus
in Africa, 173, 180–181, 183–187, 190
in Asia, 181, 183–184
brains, 179, 181–182, 194
cannibalism in, 178
cooking developed by, 226
cranium, 179, 181–183
culture, 186–18912196_IND_p346-356.indd 35112196_IND_p346-356.indd 351 2/4/10 12:29:00 PM2/4/10 12:29:00 PM