986 KARLMARX
and Anarchy.Our final selection from Marx presents a portion of Bakunin’s
criticism, along with Marx’s response.Isaiah Berlin’s Karl Marx: His Life and Environment(1963; reprinted Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1996) is still considered by many to be the best general
introduction to Marx’s life and philosophy, whereas more recent studies include
David McLellan,Karl Marx: His Life and Thought(New York: Harper & Row,
1973); David McLellan,Karl Marx(New York: Penguin Books, 1975); Peter
Singer,Marx(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980); Allen W. Wood,Karl
Marx(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981); Jon Elster,An Introduction to
Karl Marx(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); and Terry Eagleton,
Marx(London: Routledge, 1999). The following are samples of the many more
recent studies in particular areas of Marx’s thought: Nicholas Lash,A Matter of
Hope: A Theologian’s Reflections on the Thought of Karl Marx(Notre Dame, IN:
University of Notre Dame Press, 1982); Nancy Sue Love,Marx, Nietzsche, and
Modernity(New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); Harold Mah,The End
of Philosophy, The Origin of “Ideology”: Karl Marx and the Crisis of the Young
Hegelians(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Robert Meister,
Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx(Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell,
1990); and G.A. Cohen,Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defense(Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). For the complete text of Bakunin’s criti-
cism, see Bakunin on Anarchy: Selected Works by the Activist-Founder of World
Anarchism,edited and translated by Sam Dolgoff (New York: Knopf, 1972). For
collections of critical essays, see Tom Bottomore, ed.,Modern Interpretations of
Marx(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981); David McLellan, ed.,Marx: The First
Hundred Years(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983); Terence Ball and James
Farr, eds.,After Marx(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Terrell
Carver, ed.,The Cambridge Companion to Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1991); and Scott Meikle, ed.,Marx(New York: Ashgate, 2001).ECONOMIC AND PHILOSOPHIC
MANUSCRIPTS OF 1844 (in part)
ALIENATEDLABOR
We have proceeded from the presuppositions of political economy. We have accepted its
language and its laws. We presupposed private property, the separation of labor, capital
and land, hence of wages, profit of capital and rent, likewise the division of labor,
competition, the concept of exchange value, etc. From political economy itself, in its
own words, we have shown that the worker sinks to the level of a commodity, the most
Karl Marx, “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844),” translated by Lloyd D. Easton and KJurt
H. Guddat, from Allen W. Wood, ed.,Marx: Selections (New York: Macmillan, 1988).