152 Intelligence
laboratory research, later on. In other words, the differential
approach could be replaced by a more cognitively based one.
Thurstone (1947), who was largely a psychometric theorist,
argued that
The exploratory nature of factor analysis is often not understood.
Factor analysis has its principal usefulness at the borderline of
intelligence. It is naturally superseded by rational formulations
in terms of the science involved. Factor analysis is useful, espe-
cially in those domains where basic and fruitful concepts are
essentially lacking and where crucial experiments have been dif-
ficult to conceive.... But if we have scientific intuition and suf-
ficient ingenuity, the rough factorial map of a new domain will
enable us to proceed beyond the exploratory factorial stage to the
more direct forms of psychological experimentation in the labo-
ratory. (p. 56)Coexistence
Other investigators argued for coexistence. Charles Spearman,
for example, had both a differential theory of intelligence
(Spearman, 1927) and a cognitively based one (Spearman,
1923) (both of which were described earlier). Cronbach
(1957) argued for the merger of the fields of differential and
experimental psychology.
Synthetic Integration
Perhaps the best way to achieve a certain coherence in the
field is to recognize that there is no one right “model” or “ap-
proach” and that different ones elucidate different aspects of
a very complex phenomenon. Models such as the systems
models are useful in attempting integrations, but they fall
short in integrating all that we know about intelligence.
Eventually, the time may come when such large-scale inte-
grations can be achieved in ways that are theoretically meri-
torious and empirically sound. In the meantime, it is likely
that many different conceptions of intelligence will compete
for the attention of the scientific as well as the lay public.
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