CHAPTER 24
Ethnic Minorities
483THE HUMANIZING OF PSYCHOLOGY 483
Adelbert M. Jenkins
CONFRONTATIONS AND CHANGE 486
George W. Albee
MINORITY PSYCHOLOGISTS IN THE COMMUNITY 488
Vera S. Paster
ORGANIZATION EFFORTS BY ASIAN AMERICANS
IN PSYCHOLOGY 490
Stanley Sue
THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE: FORMATION OF
THE ASSOCIATION OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGISTS 492
David B. Baker
COLORS AND LETTERS: THE DEVELOPMENT
OF AN ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGICAL
PUBLICATION 495
Lillian Comas-Diaz
HISPANIC ETHNICITY IN PSYCHOLOGY:
A CUBAN-AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE 497
Antonio E. Puente
ETHNIC MINORITIES IN RESEARCH
AND ORGANIZATION 499
Richard M. Suinn
TREATING ETHNIC MINORITY CLIENTS 501
A. Toy Caldwell-Colbert and Velma M. Williams
UPDATING MODELS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC
IDENTITY: ON THE ORIGINS OF AN ECOLOGICAL
FRAMEWORK OF IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT 503
Maria P. P. Root
REFERENCES 505This chapter differs from the others in form and format.
Instead of having a continuous history of the field, we have
elected to present historical issues from the perspectives
of 10 authors, representing various ethnic orientations, with
views on their thoughts and experiences in dealing with eth-
nic issues in the field of psychology.
Some of these vignettes are very personal and some reflect
on important turning points in the history of psychology re-
lating to ethnic minorities. Each of the brief essays tells an
aspect of the story that should be remembered as the science
and profession of psychology moves into the twenty-first
century.
D. K. F.The Humanizing of Psychology
ADELBERT M. JENKINSIn the nearly 40-year period of my professional career,
which began in the early 1960s, I have been privileged to
witness important social and political changes in American
society. While important to the nation generally, the events
of this period provided a context for changes within the
discipline of psychology, as well. An important expression
of these times was the civil rights movement in America.
The dynamics emerging from this crusade required psychol-
ogy to reexamine its descriptive stance toward African
Americans and people of color generally. Prior to the 1960s
if mainstream twentieth century social science turned its at-
tention to African Americans, it tended to stress the ineffec-
tualness of the adaptive abilities of ethnic minority people
(Thomas & Sillen, 1972). Typical were such comments as
those of the psychiatrists Kardiner and Ovesey (1951/1962).
Impressed with the debilitating psychological effects that
centuries of American racism had on African Americans,
they concluded that the “Negro has no possible basis for a
healthy self-esteem” (p. 297). Crain and Weisman (1972) in
their large scale study of northern Black adults noted their