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Acknowledgements This work was supported by SNF project IZSEZO-189211 (to A.L.P.), by SNF
projects 200021_182069 and 200021_192296 (to T.V.G.) and by RFBR project 20-05-00329 (to
A.L.P.). The simulations were performed on the ETH-Zurich Euler and Leonhard cluster and on
the equipment of the shared research facilities of HPC computing resources at Lomonosov
Moscow State University. This is contribution 1531 from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Core
to Crust Fluid Systems (www.ccfs.mq.edu.au; W.L.G.) and 1404 from the GEMOC Key Centre
(www.gemoc.mq.edu.au; W.L.G.), and is related to IGCP-662 (W.L.G.).
Author contributions A.L.P. conceived and designed the study and conducted some of the
numerical experiments; T.V.G. programed the numerical code and designed boundary
conditions for the models; V.S.Z. programmed an automated input of varied model geometry
and parameters and conducted some of the numerical experiments; and W.L.G. compiled and
annotated Extended Data Figs. 4–7 and provided related text. All authors discussed the results,
problems and methods, and contributed to interpretation of the data and writing the paper.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.L.P.
Peer review information Nature thanks Louis Moresi and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for
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