382 IndexC- Mn- V steels, 192
Calcium
for control of inclusions, 163, 166
as desulphurizing agent, 166
as free cutting additive, 239-40
Can-making processes, 98-100
Carbon
as austenite former, 293, 299, 313
effect on hardenability, 210-211
effect on impact properties, 333
effect on recrystallization, 17, 19
effect on tempering resistance, 313
in engineering steels, 201
Carbon enrichment process, 6-8
Carbon potential (carburizing process),
220
Carbonitriding process, 222
Carburizing processes, 201, 219-21,223
Carrier gas (carburizing process), 220
Case carburizing, 219
Cast steel nodes, offshore structures, 178
Cast-to-cast variability (welding), 339
Catalytic converters, 373-4
Cementite, 7
Certificates of Fitness, for offshore
structures, 176
Charpy test results, 152, 188-9, 351
Charpy V notch energy
multi-storey buildings, 186-7
pipelines, 188-9
steel bridges, 183-4
Chromium
effect on corrosion resistance, 163, 291
effect on hardenability, 211 - 12
effect on interlamellar spacing, 288
effect on SCC behaviour, 330
as ferrite former, 297
in high-speed steels, 255
in stainless steels, 293, 295-7, 297-9,
333
Chromium depletion theory, 322
Chromium equivalent, 300
Chromium/chromic oxide coatings, 98
Cladding, for buildings see steel cladding
Classification Societies (for shipbuilding
materials), 167-8
Clean steels, 163
Clinchbonding, 109
Clinching see lock forming technique
Co-extruded tubing, 365
Cobalt
as austenite former, 299
in high-speed steels, 255-6
to promote secondary hardening, 319
Coiling temperatures, 49, 51
Cold reduction, micro-alloyed steels, 62-3
Cold rolling process, 3-4
Cold-forming, 19-25
optimization of properties, 345- 8
secondary embrittlement, 113-14
stainless steels, 341-8
zinc-coated steels, 89-90
Colorcoat, 94
Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), 363
Compact strip production (CSP) process,
5-6
Composition factor (martensite formation),
347
Concrete reinforcement see reinforcing
bars
Continuous annealing process, 4-5,
46-55
bake-hardening steels, 69-71
Continuous casting process, 3
Continuous-cooling transformation (CCT)
diagrams, 205-207
Controlled cooling process, 138
high carbon rod, 287
reinforcing bars, 180-82
Controlled processed bars, 284
Controlled rolling process, 138, 139, 148,
150-51,285, 286
Controlled transformation treatment,
stainless steels, 316-20
Copper
as austenite former, 293, 299
effect on corrosion resistance, 163
resistance to HIC, 196
to promote secondary hardening, 319
Copson curve, 329
Cor-Ten steels, 158-61,367
Corrosion resistance
automotive requirements, 121 - 3
developments, 291 - 3
maraging steels, 263
stainless steels, 321 - 30
zinc-coated steels, 88-9
see also stainless steels
Corrosion/abrasion resistant grades,
370-71
Creuselso 42, 192
CRIFF (uncoated steel), 121
Critical cooling rate (CCR), 288
Cross-over temperature, 355
Cyclic stress-strain curve, 110, 112-13De Long diagram, 337
Deep drawing, 348
Deformation, during controlled rolling,
150
Deformation stored energy, 15-17
Deformed (fibbed) reinforcing bars, 179