Steels_ Metallurgy and Applications, Third Edition

Index 383

Delayed fracture, 31
Delta ferrite, 297
Direct quenching, 138, 152
Dislocation density, 15
Dislocation locking term, 140
Dislocation strengthening, 140
Distortion effects
in carburized components, 223-6
in pressing process, 30
Domestic appliances, use of steel, 125
Double lock seam, 106
Draw and redraw (DRD) canmaking
process, 100
Drawability, 19
Drawing and wall-ironing (DWI)
canmaking process, 98-100
Drums, steel, 125-6
Dual-phase steels, 56, 71-6
Duplex coatings, 122-3
Durasteel, 122
Dx 51D/DX 54D designation of grades, 91

Ear height (drawing condition), 24-5
Eckold press forming, 107
Economizer tubing, 362, 365
Electric resistance welding (ERW), 189
Electro-galvanizing, 87
Electrolytic coating, 87
Elevated temperature behaviour
boiler steels, 353-7
stainless steels, 348-51
475~ embrittlement, 315
End grain attack, 325
Energizers (for carburizing process), 219
Engineering steels, 199- 200
alloying elements, 200- 201
carbon content, 201
heat treatment, 200, 203
metallurgy, 200-202
Engineering strain, 21
Engineering stress, 20
Epoxy coating, 94
Esshete 1250 grade, 357, 364
Eta-carbide, 255
Evaporator tubing, 361,363
Expulsion (welding condition), 102

Fastener applications, 108-109, 349
Fatigue cracking, offshore structures, 176
Fatigue cycling, hydrogen cylinders,
248-9
Fatigue damage, 109-10
crack growth, 111 - 12
crack initiation, 110-11
threshold level, 112
Fatigue testing, beating steels, 250-52
Fe PO designation of grades, 37, 91

Fe-C phase diagram, 6

Feedwater pipes, 365

Ferrite (alpha iron), 6

grain size refinement, 8, 140-4 l,

146-7

Ferrite formers, 151,297- 300

Ferrite phase field, 296-7

Ferrite-martensite steels see dual-phase

steels

Ferrite-peadite steels, 141, 145-6

Ferritic rolling, 55-6

Ferrostan process, 96-8

Fibre texture, 14

Filler metals (welding), 337

Finishing stage, hot rolling, 3

Finite element modelling, 35-6

Fish scaling, 128

Flame hardening process, 222

Flash butt welding, rail steels, 277

Flower pattern (diagram), 35

Flue gas desulphurization (FGD)

equipment, 365-8

steel selection, 331

Food industry steels, 331

Forming limit diagram (FLD), 28-9

Forming process, 19

finite element modelling, 35-6

side effects, 29-33

see also cold-forming

Fossil-fired power plants, 361

boiler layout and operation, 361-3

flue gas desulphurization see flue gas

desulphudzation equipment

steel selection, 363-5

Fracture, hydrogen sulphide-induced, 195

Fracture appearance transition temperature

(FATI'), 266

Free cutting steels

effect of additives, 236-40

low-carbon, 240-41

medium-carbon, 241-2

FV 520B steel, 271

Galfan, 93

Galvalume, 92

Galvanizing, 85-7

Galvanneal, 121

Galvanneal strip, 87

Galvatite, 121

Gamma iron see austenite

Gamma-loop (austenite phase field), 295,

296-7

Garlic breath, 239

Gas carburizing, 220

Gas cylinders, 243

design and manufacture, 245-8