Article
Extended Data Fig. 4 | Spatial distributions of the Metabolic Index,
temperature and pO 2 compared to occurrences of species that occupy
diverse latitude and depth ranges. a–e, Species inhabit mid to high latitudes.
f–h, Species are found in tropical waters. Fields of Φ (colours), temperature
and O 2 pressure are zonally averaged over the longitudinal range of each
species. a, Cyclopterus lumpus (95 °W–35 °E). b, Tautogolabrus adspersus
(50–80 °W). c, Gadus morhua (75 °W–40 °E). d, Zoarces viviparus (10 °W–30 °E).
e, Gadus ogac (110 °W–40 °E). f, Penaeus aztecus (40–120 °W). g, Funchalia
villosa (100 °W–40 °E). h, Gennadas valens (100 °W–47 °E). Observed species
occurrences are plotted (blue dots). A single lower limit of Φ bounding each
species range is contoured (Φcrit; black lines) alongside isotherms of
temperature (white lines; °C) and isopleths of pO 2 (grey lines; atm). Published
upper thermal limits (CTmax) are contoured in green where available, based on
maximum monthly ocean temperatures (°C). Green asterisks denote species
for which CTmax occurs above all mapped maximum monthly temperatures.
For most species, Φcrit more skilfully categorizes occupied habitat than either
upper temperature limits or lower pO 2 considered individually. This skill is
shown by the ratio of F 1 -scores of Φ relative to temperature or to pO 2
(in parentheses, respectively) from the full four-dimensional species
distribution. For G. morhua, the monthly range of Φcrit is also mapped (dashed
black lines). For G. ogac, mapped occurrences, Φ and water properties are from
the Atlantic Ocean only. Land regions are shaded in grey.