The slave trade
and the Atlantic economies 1451-187081the papers are of particular interest: Roger Anstey, 'Capitalism and Slavery—A
Critique'; John Hargreaves, 'Synopsis of a Critique of Eric Williams' Capitalism
and Slavery'; C. Duncan Rise, 'Critique of the Eric Williams Thesis: "The Anti-
Slavery Interest and the Sugar Duties, 1841-1853' "; Christopher Fyfe, ' A Historio-
graphical Survey of the Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa'. The latter is
a useful survey of the literature and the type of study available on the slave trade.
Also to be noted are, Roger T. Anstey, 'Capitalism and Slavery: A Critique',
Econ. Hist. Rev., Vol. XXI, 1968, p. 307-20; Roger T. Anstey, The Atlantic Slave
Trade and British Abolition, 1760-1810, London, Macmillan, 1975.
Some of the literature on the private profitability of the slave trade antedated
Eric Williams' book: James Wallace, A General and Descriptive History of the
Ancient and Present State of the Town of Liverpool, Liverpool, R. Phillips, 1795;
Gomer Williams, History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque with
an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade, London, W. Heinemann, 1897; S. Dumbell,
'The Profits of the Guinea Trade', Economic History (Supplement to Economic
Journal), Vol. II, January 1931. But since the publication of Eric Williams' book
the literature on this aspect of the slave trade has grown enormously. Some of the
more important works include: F. E. Hyde, B. B. Parkinson and S. Marriner,
'The Nature and Profitability of the Liverpool Slave Trade', Econ. Hist. Rev.,
Vol. V, No. 3, 1953; K. G. Davies, 'Essays in Bibliography and Criticism XLIV.
Empire and Capital, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XII, 1960-61, p. 105-10;
R. B. Sheridan, 'The Wealth of Jamaica in the Eighteenth Century', Econ. Hist.
Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XVIII, August 1965; Robert Paul Thomas, 'The Sugar Colonies
of the Old Empire: Profit or loss for Great Britain?', Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser.,
Vol. XXI, April 1968; R. B. Sheridan, 'The Wealth of Jamaica in the Eighteenth
Century: A Rejoinder', Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., Vol. XXI, April 1968¡Stanley
L. Engerman, 'The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth
Century : Comment on the Williams Thesis ', The Business History Review, Vol. XLVI,
No. 4, Winter 1972, p. 430-3; Roger T. Anstey, 'The Volume and Profitability
of the British Slave Trade, 1761-1807', in Stanley L. Engerman and Eugene D.
Genovese (eds.), Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere : Quantitative Studies,
Princeton University Press, 1975; David Richardson, 'Profitability in the Bristol-
Liverpool Slave Trade' (paper read at the VIth International Congress of Economic
History, Copenhagen, 19-23 August 1974).
See Stanley L. Engerman, ' The Effects of Slavery upon the Southern Eco-
nomy: A Review of the Recent Debate', Explorations in Entrepreneurial History,
Vol. 4, 1967; R. W. Fogel and S. L. Engerman, Time on the Cross : The Economics
of American Negro Slavery, London, Wildwood House, 1974; Stanley L. Engerman,
'Comments on the Study of Race and Slavery', in Engerman and Genovese (eds.),
Race and Slavery, p. 495-526.
K. Onwuka Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885 : An
Introduction to the Economic and Political History of Nigeria, Oxford University
Press, 1956; A. Akinjogbin, Dahomey and its Neighbours, 1708-1818, Cambridge
University Press, 1967; K. Y. Daaku, Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600-
1720, Oxford University Press, 1970; Walter Rodney, A History of the Upper Guinea
Coast 1545-1800, Oxford University Press, 1970; A. J. H. Latham, Old Calabar
1600-1891 : The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society,
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973; M. D. Kilson, ' West African Society and the Atlan-
tic Slave Trade, 1441-1865', in N. I. Huggins, M. Kilson and D. M. Fox (eds.),
Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience, Vol. I, New York, 1971 ; David Bir-
mingham, Trade and Conflict in Angola : The Mbundu and their Neighbours under