The slave trade
and the Atlantic economies 1451-1870
83
- Douglas C. North and Robert Paul Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A New
Economic History, p. 18. Cambridge University Press, 1973.
- Ralph Davis, 'English Foreign Trade, 1700-1774', Economic History Review, 2nd ser.,
Vol. XV, 1962, p. 290.
- Phyllis Deane and W. A. Cole, British Economic Growth, 1688-1959, 2nd ed. Table 2,
p. 6, Cambridge University Press, 1967.
- Ralph Davis, The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries, p. 393, London, Macmillan, 1962.
- François Crouzet, 'Wars, Blockade, and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815',
Journal of Economic History, Vol. XXIV, No. 4, December 1964, p. 568.
- Crouzet, op. cit., p. 569.
- James F. Shepherd and Gray M. Walton, Shipping, Maritime Trade, and the Economic
Development of Colonial North America, p. 44, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 1972.
- Shepherd and Walton, op. cit., p. 25.
- D. C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1700-1860, Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961.
- Henry A. Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn, 'The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Tentative
Economic Model', Journal of African History, Vol. XV, No. 2, 1974, p. 229, quoting
C. Padro, Jr, The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil, p. 19, Berkeley, Calif.,
University of California Press, 1967.
- K. G. Davies, 'Empire and Capital', p. 107.
- Gemery and Hogendorn, op. cit., p. 229-31. For some other aspects of the slave-labour
issue, see Robert P. Thomas and Richard N. Bean, 'The Adoption of Slave Labour
in British America' (paper presented to the Mathematical Social Science Board
Seminar at Colby College, Waterville, Maine, 20-22 August 1975.
- Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of
American Negro Slavery, p. 192, London, Wildwood House, 1974.
- Ralph Davis, A Commercial Revolution, English Overseas Trade in the Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries, p. 10, London, Historical Association, 1967. Professor
Davis shows that the large reduction in the prices of the products brought them
within the reach of more consumers and made them 'near-necessities rather than
luxuries '.
- For the points made here, See W. E. Minchinton (ed.), The Growth of English Overseas
Trade in the 17th and 18th centuries, London, Methuen, 1969, Chapters 2 and 3 by
Ralph Davis on English foreign trade, 1660-1774, and Chapter 5, by H. E. S. Fisher,
on Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70. See also Allan Christelow, 'Great Britain
and the Trades from Cadiz and Lisbon to Spanish America and Brazil, 1759-
1783', Hispanic American History Review, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, February, 1948,
Part 2; and Jean O. McLachlan, Trade and Peace with Old Spain 1667-1750, Cam-
bridge, Cambridge University Press, 1940.
- Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, p. 103-12, London and Dar
es Salaam, Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, 1972; Henry A. Gemery and Jan
S. Hogendorn, 'The Economic Costs of West African Participation in the Atlantic
Slave Trade: A Preliminary Sampling for the Eighteenth Century' (paper presented
to the Mathematical Social Science Board Seminar at Colby College, Waterville,
Maine, 20-22 August 1975); H. A. Gemery and J. S. Hogendorn, 'Technological
Change, Slavery, and the Slave Trade', forthcoming in C. J. Dewey and A. G.
Hopkins (eds.), Studies in the Economic History of India and Africa, London,
Athlone Press, in press; A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa,
London, Longman, 1973.
