THE TUMOR
(^)
- PAHs intercalate
DNA, causing
mutations
12. Other carcinogens like urethane, azo
dyes, cigarette smoke burden handicapped
cells and contribute to mutations if no good
germanium
P53 gene makes p53
protein to repair dam-
aged genes and/or
halt mutant cell repli-
cation
Small Mass
Malignant
Tumor
Tumor
Bcl-2 and bax
proteins cause
apoptosis (cell
death)
- p53 gene disabled due
to mutation; no barrier to
(mutated) cell division
Bcl-2 and bax
genes are still
functioning - bcl-2 and bax genes
mutate. Sick cells can’t
self-destruct - Fasciolopsis (parasite)
brings growth factors like
ortho-phospho-tyrosine
Tumors typically spread
- Non-functional
cell needs repair!
Cells get
sicker
Wart reaches
limited size
(^)
(^)